The administration of P-naphthoflavone (BNF), an agonist for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), induced CYP1A1 gene expression in the cornea, lens and find more liver of the rats, although the levels of induction were greatest in the liver. An AhR-sensitive UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) 1A6 gene was also induced in the cornea and the lens by BNF. Phenobarbital (PB) is a known inducer of the CYP2B genes, the expression of which is mediated by constitutive activated receptor (CAR), but did not induce CYP2B1 in the cornea or lens. This insensitivity to PB may be due to the lack of CAR expression in the ocular tissues as revealed in our present

study. Pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) is known to induce CYP3A gene expression in the liver via the activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR). However, although PCN was found to induce the CYP3A1

gene in the rat cornea and liver, it failed to do so in the lens. In addition, another of the PXR-mediated genes, multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (Mrp3), was not induced by PCN in either ocular region. Since the expression of the PXR gene was not detected in the rat ocular tissues, an unknown mechanism for the inducible regulation of CYP3A1 AG-881 Metabolism inhibitor gene expression by PCN in the cornea is suggested.”
“Study Objectives: Suicide in the adolescent population is a tragic and preventable cause of death. Previous studies have confirmed both long and short total sleep times (TSTs) are associated with suicidal ideation in the adult population.

We hypothesized that both long and short TSTs are risk factors for serious suicide attempt in the adolescent population as well.\n\nMethods: Lonafarnib We tested this hypothesis using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 2007 and 2009, which consist of school-based, nationally representative samples (N = 12,154 for 2007, N = 14,782 for 2009). Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between suicidality and sleep after adjusting for confounders including age, sex, race/ethnicity, feelings of sadness, and substance abuse.\n\nResults: Of the total sample, roughly 15% reported suicidal ideation, 10% planned suicide, 5% attempted and 2% reported an attempt requiring treatment. Teens who reported sleeping <= 5 or >= 10 h had a significantly higher risk for suicidality compared to those with a TST of 8 h. The largest odds ratios were found among the most severe forms of suicidality (attempt requiring treatment) with an odds ratio of 5.9 for a TST <= 4 h and 4.7 for a TST >= 10 h.\n\nConclusion: Both short and long TSTs are risk factors for suicidality among teens and extremes in TST may indicate more serious suicidality. Self-reported sleep duration may be a useful screening question for suicide risk. Future studies should examine whether sleep duration is a causal and/or modifiable risk factor for suicidality in teens.