The decrease in human serum is steeper for PFOS compared to PFOA, thus a larger discrepancy between modelled and measured levels is expected and also observed for PFOS (Fig. 5). In fact, Glynn et al. (2012) reported PFOS and PFOA concentrations in serum in 2010 (originating largely from exposure 2007–2010) of 6.8 and 1.7 ng/g, respectively, which are close to the modelled serum concentrations. Thus, despite the uncertainties in the estimation of daily exposures (see sections above) and additional uncertainties in the modelling such as the volumes of distribution and elimination half-lives, a good match was obtained between modelled and

measured values for both PFOS and PFOA. This lends confidence in our values for daily exposures and the estimated relative contribution of precursor intake KU-57788 mw Selleck MK2206 to total PFAA exposure. This study was financially supported by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (Grant number 219-2012-643). “
“As stated in the report “The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture” from the

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2012), the global aquaculture production has grown substantially during the last decades. Farmed fish are an increasingly important source of seafood, accounting for almost fifty percent of the world seafood intake in 2010. As the world population is continuously growing, the demand for fish products is expected to increase in the coming decades. The output from capture fisheries has reached a plateau. Accordingly, if seafood is to remain a part of the diet in the future, it needs to be derived from aquaculture. Crustaceans and freshwater fish dominate in terms of production volume, but Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the leading intensively farmed marine species with a 10 year mean increase of 11.2% in tonnage, and 23.6% in

value during the first decade Nabilone of the new millennia ( Bostock et al., 2010). Due to its content of important nutrients such as marine omega-3 fatty acids, proteins and vitamins, Atlantic salmon represents a valuable part of a healthy diet. However, concern regarding the presence of contaminants in seafood has arisen during the last decades ( Cohen et al., 2005, Foran et al., 2006, Hites et al., 2004, Ibrahim et al., 2011, Mozaffarian and Rimm, 2006, Usydus et al., 2009 and Willett, 2005). In order to evaluate the risk to consumers, there is a continuous need for data on contaminant levels such as mercury in fish as highlighted by the European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA, 2012a). The EU has initiated extensive food surveillance programmes in Europe in order to control the presence of pharmaceutical residues and contaminants in the products of animal origin. The measures to monitor such substances are specified in the EU council directive 96/23 (EU, 1996).