The process is accelerated after age 37, ultimately culminating in the virtual absence of follicles and capacity to generate significant quantities of estradiol. The median chronological age at menopause in the USA is 51.4 years (range 48 to 55 years). Estrogen decrease is associated with substantial thing central nervous system (CNS) alterations including vasomotor instability, insomnia, depression, and cognitive decline.123 Recent, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical studies suggest that estrogen has a protective effect with respect to onset of Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline.124 There is evidence

that neurobiologie processes triggered by the hormonal changes exert influence by affecting neurotransmitter availability, cerebral perfusion, and perhaps by Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical eliminating neuroprotective effects of estrogen.125,126 In a recent study by Matteis et al,96 using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, they found, as we did, higher flow estimates in women than men overall. However, a subgroup of 15 postmenopausal women aged 48 to 53 years had lower flow values than 15 premenopausal women of the same age, or any other group. Conclusions There is increasing evidence across behavioral, neuroanatomic, and neurophysiologic domains that sex differences play a prominent role in modulating the effects of

aging on brain function. The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical overall finding is that age-related decline begins earlier in men than in women. The decline is most pronounced in frontotemporal regions associated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with attention, inhibition, and memory. More specific tasks using a computerized approach can help better delineate associations between agerelated decline and aspects of cognitive and emotion processing. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The sex differences

in brain aging may be further investigated on the molecular level and data on other physiologic parameters, such as glucose and oxygen metabolism and receptor function, could help further elucidate mechanisms for Y-27632 2HCL explaining these differences. Such studies could ultimately help explain a range of phenomena related to sex differences including cognition and emotion processing. Although we have focused on findings GSK-3 in healthy people, the effects have implications for brain disorders where gender differences have been observed across the life span. For example, neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit and learning disabilities are more common in boys, schizophrenia is more severe in young men, and depression is more common in women. Understanding the neural basis of these disorders can be advanced by considering sex differences in brain function. The clinical implications of these findings need to be examined in relation to disease presentation and course.