The separation of Cronbergia from Cylindrospermum is not supported by our expanded molecular data set. Since we have included sequences of all five of the foundational species in Bornet and Flahault

(1886) (C. maius, C. stagnale, C. licheniforme, C. muscicola, and C. catenatum) we feel confident that the clade we designate as Cylindrospermum sensu stricto (Fig. 1a, clade X) must be considered to represent the genus. This clade contains Cronbergia siamensis, and given its exceptionally high sequence similarity to C. moravicum GSK1120212 ic50 and C. badium, it is difficult to justify the retention of the genus based on morphological evidence alone. The genus Cronbergia is based on the hypothesis that intercalary heterocyte formation

and apoheterocytic akinete formation denotes significant synapomorphies. We question the interpretation applied to the special intercalary cells considered to be proheterocytes in Cronbergia (Fig. 7, l–n), as we have not observed these developing into heterocytes. The purported intercalary apoheterocytic akinetes are not full-sized akinetes (Fig. 7, o–q), and we are unconvinced that these truly represent developing akinetes. In most studies of heterocyte formation in Cylindrospermum, the heterocytes form terminally after trichome fragmentation (Reddy and Talpasayi 1974, Wolk and Quine 1975, Anand and Rengasamy 1982, Van de Water and Simon 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 1984). There are isolated reports, however, of intercalary heterocyte formation. Baturina (1984) observed intercalary Peptide 17 cost heterocytes in the thermal species C. gregarium (Zakrzhevski) Elenkin. Singh et al. (1980) observed pairs of heterocytes developing in intercalary position in C. planctonicum Singh, Tiwary et Pandey, while Dikshit and Dikshit (1979) report intercalary pairs of heterocytes in C. fertilissimum Dikshit et Dikshit. The latter two taxa possess aerotopes,

and consequently may be closer to Anabaenopsis than Cylindrospermum. These studies suggest that intercalary heterocyte formation is possible in Cylindrospermum sensu lato, weakening the case for recognition of Cronbergia. We looked for intercalary heterocyte development in our strains, but saw no evidence of formation of such heterocytes in Cylindrospermum. Akinete formation in Cylindrospermum has long been considered to be only paraheterocytic and subterminal (Miller and Lang 1968, Hirosawa and Wolk 1979a). However, isolated reports of exceptions occur. C. anabaenoides (Bongale and Singh 1987) was diagnosed as the only Cylindrospermum species with intercalary akinetes. Komárek et al. (2010) reported the formation of swollen cells in intercalary position as possible akinetes in C. stagnale PCC 7417, and considered it evidence that this strain was actually Cronbergia. However, since C.