The state transitions, which are hidden to the observer, generate an observation symbol from each state. The basic premise of the HMMs is to infer a state sequence that produces a sequence of observations. Learning the state sequence can help to understand the structure of the underlying model that generates the observation sequence. The major drawbacks of the HMMs are: (1) they require a set of training gestures to generate the state transition network and tune parameters; (2) they make assumptions that successive observed operations are independent, which is typically not the case with human motion and speech [20].In the statistical methods, Hierarchical Hidden Markov Model (HHMMs) [21] and Bayesian networks [22] come closest to the way HTM model time, modelling the nested structure of time in a hierarchy.

However, the hierarchy that is exploited in HHMMs is only in one dimension (usually time). HTM has a hierarchy in space and time. This gives HTM several unique advantages while learning about the world. Moreover, the theory of HTM includes provisions for using activities and attention to learn the world.Support Vector Machine (SVM) [23, 24] is an efficient way to find boundaries in a high dimensional space that separate the various examples into their labelled categories. It does not make any assumptions about the hierarchical or temporal organization of the world and hence cannot exploit these properties for efficient learning. Since the underlying model of SVM is discriminative and not generative, it cannot be used to predict forward in time.

HTM uses a unique combination of the following Anacetrapib ideas [24]: 1) A hierarchy in space and time to share and transfer learning; 2) Slowne
Owing to its many advantages of high sensitivity, simplicity, low cost and ability to perform rapid measurements, the piezoelectric quartz crystal resonator has been widely used as a mass sensitive detector in electrochemical experiments recently. The application of an alternating electrical field perpendicular to the surface of the piezoelectric quartz crystal (PQC) induces a mechanical vibration of the piezoelectric surface, whose frequency is changed by loading effects generated when a small mass is deposited on the resonator surface [1�C3]. Previous studies have shown that surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors provide a superior resolution than quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) devices due to their higher operating frequencies of 100 to 200 MHz. SAW delay-line sensors have attracted particular attention since they are characterized by high sensitivity, up to 10?9 ~ 10?15 g, a rapid response, low cost, small physical size, and a straightforward fabrication process [4,5].