These maps were derived from historical Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) satellite images, which were acquired inhibitor Veliparib in 1995, 2000 and 2006, selleck bio Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries respectively, by Institute of Geographic
Conductive polymers (CPs) are a promising group of compounds, which are widely applied in chemical sensors and a variety of other applications [1,2]. One type of sensors is of noble metal electrodes coated with a conductive polymer film. These electrodes, when used for potentiometric measurements, are called coated-wire electrodes (CWE). Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Electropolymerizations of pyrrole, aniline or thiophene are often used for the preparation of such sensors. The polymer layer Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries is relatively easy to prepare and results in thick and homogenous coverage of the metal.
Unfortunately, the above-mentioned films are not selective [3].
To create a selective CP-based receptor requires a polymerizable and selective monomer that is also stable under the polymerization conditions.The CP’s selectivity is controlled by doping the film from solution or by incorporating a recognition Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries unit into the conjugated polymeric backbone. In terms of potentiometry, the film acts as a cation or anion exchanger Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and provides a cationic or anionic potentiometric response [4,5]. Additionally, electron transfer across the polymer�Csolution phase boundary affects the potentiometric response in the presence of a redox-active species [5,6]. Sensors based on conductive polymers have distinct Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries advantages, such as simple preparation, fast response towards Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the analyte and potential for miniaturization [7].
Their lifetime is longer than classical PVC membrane electrodes [7,8], because there is no receptor (ionophore) loss from the membrane due to the low Dacomitinib solubility of the polymeric film in conventional organic and inorganic Anacetrapib solvents [9]. However there are still very few CP-based electrodes for the determination of anions. To date, both inorganic (NO3-, ClO4-, SCN-, Cl-) and organic (dodecylsulfate, dodecylbenzene sulfonate, ascorbate) anions have been determined [10], but most of the published data was acquired using calibration solutions instead of real-life samples to avoid matrix affects. Anion analysis in real samples (washing-up liquid and washing powder) was only performed with dodecyl benzene sulfonate (DBS-)-doped polyaniline [11].
Citric acid is often used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in food [12].
This acid is used as a preservative additive in non-alcoholic beverages at concentrations ranging from 10-3 to 10-1 M. The standard methods for citric acid determination are described in review http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Enzastaurin.html [13]. Electrochemical [14], spectrophotometric [12], chromatographic [15] and enzymatic [16] methods are employed. A copper-selective tubular electrode was used to determine citrate for flow injection selleck chemicals Calcitriol with potentiometric detection in juices [14]. The copper ions in solution react with citrates and this electrode determines the residual copper concentration.