These nine amino acids are located within the bHLH domain and play an important role in DNA binding and transcription activation. We further mapped the regions of Bcl-2 to Twist1 using five expression vectors expressing deletion mutant proteins for Bcl-2. As shown in Fig. 4C, three deletion mutants from amino acid 109 to 185 resulted in loss of their binding to Twist1, whereas additional amino acids from 186 to 203 restored its binding to Twist1, suggesting

that the region between amino acids 185 to 203 is required for Twist1 binding. Surprisingly, the C-terminal protein fragment from 201 to 233 as defined by TM is also sufficient to bind to Twist. The results CFTR modulator define that the C-terminus from 185 to 233 has the binding sequence for Twist1. Taken together, our results defined nine amino acids within the bHLH domain and the C-terminus of Bcl-2 that are critical for their binding between these two proteins. Next, we determined whether Twist1 and Bcl2 interaction can be directly visualized in vivo. To this end, we performed immunofluorescence staining against Twist1 and Bcl-2 and examined the colocalization of these two proteins within single living cells. The Twist1 expression is shown in green, whereas Selleck Alvelestat Bcl-2 expression is shown in red. The cells were cultured under hypoxia conditions. As shown in Fig. 4D,

direct colocalization of Twist1 and Bcl-2 can be observed in multiple cells, as indicated by yellow fluorescence due to overlapping of red Bcl-2 and green Twist1. The strong yellow Pomalidomide chemical structure signal was observed in nucleus, although it can be observed in cytoplasm. To further demonstrate that the specific yellow signal is due to a specific interaction between Twist1 and Bcl-2 and not a false-positive colocalization due to high levels of endogenous nonspecific proteins, we constructed a fusion construct expression Twist1 and green fluorescence protein (GFP) and Bcl-2 with red fluorescence protein (RFP) designated Twist1-EGFP and Bcl-2-DSRed, respectively. These two constructs were cotransfected

in the HepG2 and 293 cells. As shown in Fig. 4E, multiple yellow signals were observed, indicating colocalizations of Twist1 and Bcl-2 and Twist1 in these cells. Most of the localization regions appeared as points and were located around or in the middle of the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, rare colocalizations were observed. Bcl-2 was mostly located in the nearby cytoplasm and in the nuclear membrane around the nucleus, whereas Twist1 was mostly in the nucleus. However, when Bcl-2 and Twist1 are coexpressed the two combined into a protein complex and were present largely in the nucleus (Fig. 4E), suggesting that Bcl-2 may facilitate the nuclear transport of Twist1. To further demonstrate the functional interaction between Bcl-2 and Twist1, we examined how Bcl-2 affects the nuclear transport of Twist1.