This appears to be overly simplistic from a number of perspectives. First, in the McGorry/McGlashan criteria described above, there is no evidence to indicate that the three categories presented involve a common etiology. In fact, there is no reason to think that the prodrome is ctiologically less heterogeneous than the full selleck inhibitor illness. Second, it should be noted that most of the criteria discussed above are derived from positive symptoms; the

focus on attenuated positive symptoms may be both overly restrictive and lead to an unacceptably high false-positive rate. Although deriving prodromal criteria from positive symptoms provides considerable face-validity, the accuracy with which these indicators actually predict schizophrenia, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or even psychosis, is unestablished. For example, McGorry et al3 reported that approximately half of the 657 highschool students Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical completing a self-report questionnaire met criteria for the prodromal phase of schizophrenia as defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition (DSM-III-R) attenuated positive symptoms. Similarly, positive schizophrenia-like personality features have also been found in clinically normal individuals as well as in patients with a variety of nonpsychotic disorders, such as adults with dyslexia.36 Such findings raise questions about the rate of false positives

resulting Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from a reliance on positive symptoms. The issue of false positives is particularly important Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for prevention trials involving pharmacotherapy. Although the side-effect profile of the new novel antipsychotics appears, at this time, to be less severe than that associated with traditional neuroleptics, there arc nevertheless side effects, such as substantial weight gain, to consider. In addition, the impact of long-term treatment on adolescent neurological development has yet

to be determined. Negative symptoms There is considerable evidence to suggest that attenuated negative Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical symptoms, such as deficits in social functioning, are important characteristics of the prodromal phase of the illness.25,26,37,39 Several genetics studies have demonstrated that social deficits and other negative symptoms are more characteristic of the relatives of patients with schizophrenia Carfilzomib than are positive symptoms.40-42 Furthermore, prospective birth cohort studies of schizophrenia have consistently selleck products detected social deficits very early in development, prior to the onset of positive symptoms.43-44 The omission of attenuated negative symptoms in the most recent prodromal assessments (eg, SIPS and SOPS)31 parallels the reliance on positive symptoms for a diagnosis of Axis I schizophrenia. However, in so doing, major early features of the prodrome may be missed. It may be at the stage where nonspecific, attenuated negative symptoms begin to emerge that interventions not involving antipsychotic medications are most effective.