To apply this pulse technique, experimental variables such as frequency, pulse

amplitude and scan increment need to be adjusted to achieve the best relationship between current intensity and the voltammetric profile. The parameters scan increment (1–10 mV), frequency (1–50 Hz) and pulse amplitude (10–50 mV) were investigated for the CPE-CTS in 5.0 × 10−5 mol L−1 Cu(II) in acetate buffer solution (0.1 mol L−1, pH 6.0). The measurements showed that the anodic current increased linearly with increasing scan increment up to 5 mV, remaining constant thereafter. The highest anodic current was obtained with a scan increment of 5 mV and frequency of 30 Hz, but a wide peak was generated. A peak with good resolution and current intensity was obtained with a

scan increment of 3 mV and frequency of 10 Hz. The pulse amplitude did not change significantly the profile of the above-described Selleck PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor 2 square wave voltammogram. A pulse amplitude of 50 mV was thus used in all subsequent experiments. After optimisation of the experimental conditions, a robustness study of the proposed method was carried out. The factors (González & Herrador, 2007) chosen arbitrarily to be evaluated were solution pH and CTS percentage in the modified carbon paste electrode. One of the fundamental differences between optimisation and robustness studies is the interval under investigation (González & Herrador, 2007). While in the latter the interval is very narrow, in the former it is wider. For ABT-737 research buy this reason, the solution pH was varied between 5.7 and

6.3 (around 6.0, the optimised solution pH) and the CTS percentage between 14.7% and 15.3% (around 15%, the optimised CTS percentage) to carrying out the robustness study. The anodic current Fossariinae peak employing the CPE-CTS in a 5.0 × 10−5 mol L−1 Cu(II) did not change significantly (according to the statistical analysis by ANOVA) when the pH solution was modified between 5.7 and 6.3, or when the CTS percentage used for electrode preparation was between 14.7% and 15.3%. Therefore, the proposed method offers an acceptable level of robustness. The Cu(II) determination employing the CPE-CTS can be influenced by interfering species such as transition metal ions, which form stable complexes with 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid (Martins et al., 2004) present in the modified material. Thus, the interference of Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Fe(III) ions in the stripping voltammogram of Cu(II) was studied for molar ratios of interferent ion/Cu(II) of 0.1, 1.0 and 10. All steps in the Cu(II) determination were carried out in the presence of the potential interferents. Only Fe(III) caused interference, generating oxidation peaks that partially hindered the determination of Cu(II) when Fe(III) was present in a 10-fold molar excess with respect to Cu(II).