, 2000, 2004, 2008; Starkey et al., 2007; Yli-Mattila et al., 2009; Sarver et al., 2011). All F. graminearum sensu stricto strains (lineage 7) can produce selleck products sexual progeny (ascospores) without contact with a sexual partner, which is known to be important for initiating the disease cycle (Trail et al., 2002). However, this self-fertility varies among the other members of the Fg complex. For

example, Fusarium asiaticum (lineage 6), which is widely distributed in Asia, exhibited a lower self-fertility than the highly fertile F. graminearum strains (Lee et al., 2012). The sexual ability of the Fg complex is controlled by master regulators called mating-type (MAT) loci (Debuchy & Turgeon, 2006). Unlike their heterothallic relatives, the Fg complex strains carry two MAT loci (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) in a single nucleus for controlling sexual development, but the structural organization of individual MAT genes is similar to those in Sordariomycetes fungi (e.g. Neurospora crassa, Podospora

anserina, and Sordaria macrospora; Yun et al., 2000; Debuchy & Turgeon, 2006). Three (MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2, and MAT1-1-3) and one (MAT1-2-1) transcripts are located at both loci, among which the deduced product of MAT1-1-1 carries a DNA-binding motif called the alpha box, STI571 research buy those of MAT1-1-3 and MAT1-2-1 contain an HMG box domain, and that of MAT1-1-2 includes a newly proposed DNA-binding PHP domain (Yun et al., 2000; Debuchy & Turgeon, 2006). An additional transcript, MAT1-2-3, has been proposed as a new MAT gene at the MAT1-2 locus in the heterothallic Fusarium verticillioides and F. graminearum (Martin et al., 2011). However, it contains no known DNA-binding motifs and its role(s) in sexual development are unknown. To date, gene deletion analyses have confirmed that both MAT loci are essential for sexual development in F. graminearum Protein tyrosine phosphatase (Lee et al., 2003; Desjardins et al., 2004) but the functional requirement for the individual MAT genes, except MAT1-2-1, has not been intensively demonstrated.

Recently, the transgenic strains deleted for MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-3, respectively, have become available (Son et al., 2011). Despite the importance of MAT loci in sexual development, transcriptional expression or regulation of MAT genes has remained largely unknown in filamentous fungi. Only a few reports are available (Leubner-Metzger et al., 1997; Czaja et al., 2011), and only the expression pattern of MAT1-1-2 is available from microarray analysis in F. graminearum (Hallen et al., 2007). The functions of each MAT gene in a self-fertile S. macrospora have been determined; Smt A-1 and Smt A-3, which are comparable to MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-3, respectively, are dispensable for fruiting body formation (Klix et al., 2010).