94-97 Hypertension, like diabetes, has been directly implicated in AD by epidemiological studies in which midlife hypertension was associated with greater number of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the hippocampus and neocortex, and a more pronounced brain atrophy compared with midlife normotensive individuals.98 Furthermore, the association between midlife hypertension and AD remained unchanged after controlling for vascular lesions, such as large infarcts or lacunar infarcts. Although hypertension exerts its deleterious effect through damage to blood vessels of all calibers and in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical all end organs by producing ischemia and infarcts, it is

also plausible that, hypertension causes more subtle damage to very small blood vessels, which results in abnormal endothelial permeability and extravasation of plasma constituents.99,100 These, in turn, could interact with amyloid Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or amyloid precursor to promote plaque formation.19 A corollary possibility is that hypertension-induced vascular lesions, which lead to tissue ischemia, disrupt endothelial integrity. This enables interaction between plasma constituents or an effect, on amyloid, thus Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical promoting plaque formation. White matter lesions are an additional phenomenon linking cardiovascular risk factors

and AD pathology. Cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and ischemic heart, disease, have been found to be associated with white matter lesions

by leading to a dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, which, in turn, either through Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical plasma selleck kinase inhibitor component extravasation or brain cell reaction, promotes white matter changes.101 White matter lesions have been suggested to be a common finding in AD and VD,102 and have the same neuropathological appearance in the two disorders. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical It has been hypothesized that subcortical white matter lesions interact with AD pathology to produce dementia.102 Irrespective of the mechanism involved, midlife and latelife hypertension has been demonstrated to be positively associated with dementia in old age in several,38,103-108 but not all,109-111 population-based studies. Hyperhomocysteinemia (higher than 14 micromolar), which reflects folic acid deficiency, has been associated with increased incidence of coronary artery disease, stroke, Adenosine and cancer,112-114 as well as impaired cognition and dementia in some115,116 studies. However, in one study,117 total levels of homocysteine were associated with silent brain infarcts and white matter lesions independently of each other and of other cardiovascular risk factors. The contribution of hyperhomocysteinemia to dementia could be thus mediated by periventricular white matter lesions, which, in their severe form, were found to be independently associated with cognitive decline at a three times faster rate than average.