It was realized that ergots are “dirty” drugs, with the potential to interact with several types of receptors in the central nervous system, as well as in the periphery. The development, of the synthetic

DAAs piribedil, ropinirole, and pramipexole was an important further step. However, these agents shared a number of side effects. It thus became clear that, while Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical pleuropulmonary fibrosis may be specific to ergot derivatives, most of the complications of these therapies are class effects. Cardiac valve changes were recently ascribed to pergolide.16,17 The motor fluctuations that characterize prolonged levodopa therapy are thought (but. not proven) to be related to the short, plasma half-lives of individual levodopa doses (t1/2=90 min).Thc clinical benefit from individual doses is longer, at least, in early stages of the disease, due to the buffering capacity of surviving Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical DA neurons, which transform levodopa to DA, store it, and then release it in a tonic, rather than phasic, pattern. The fact that DAAs do not depend on DA neurons is a

theoretical advantage, particularly at advanced stages of the disease when very few DA neurons survive. However, this Selleckchem Topoisomerase inhibitor advantage is related to their longer duration of action, typically 4 to 6 hours (and much longer for Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cabergoline). If the nonsustained level of DA stimulation is responsible for the development of motor fluctuations, these complications should be significantly delayed if cabergoline is to be used in de novo cases. Several studies have suggested that DAAs

have additional beneficial properties, such as antioxidant or antiapoptotic effects.12 Notably, all these studies were performed in vitro, and therefore had a very Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical short duration and used doses with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical unclear relationship to the clinical situation. There are no available data indicating that DAAs have relevant antioxidant or antiapoptotic effects in routine clinical use in humans, or indeed that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of PD.The early addition of a DAA prevents (or at. least delays) the appearance of motor complications, but. whether this should be regarded as a neuroprotective effect is questionable. Furthermore, even if DAA can slow the progressive loss of DA neurons Levetiracetam in the substantia nigra, it would be very difficult, to prove it. If DAAs do slow the progression of PD, a possible mechanism could be stimulation of presynaptic DA receptors. Probably all DA terminals contain receptors that mediate the synthesis and release of DA by negative feedback. Endogenous DA can be metabolized to produce toxic reactive oxygen species. Reduction in the rate of DA synthesis can thus be expected to slow the ongoing damage to DA neurons. Most (and probably all) DAAs reduce the rate DA of synthesis, but there is limited information on their relative efficacy in this regard.