Cerebral perfusion imaging using SPECT may also be useful in predicting

subsequent BMS 345541 dementia among patients with MCI.112,113 Functional magnetic resonance imaging Brain activity following a stimulus can be localized with fMRI, a technique that is sensitive to the small changes in blood oxygenation associated with increased regional metabolic demand. Using visual memory Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical tests to activate the medial temporal lobe, MCI subjects were found to exhibit a smaller fMRI response than cognitively normal subjects, though differences between MCI and AD were not detected.114 Another fMRI study found poor activation within the hippocampus in all MCI subjects, while some had normal entorhinal cortex responses suggesting anatomical heterogeneity with respect to memory processing.115 A recent MCI study116 found that visual memory test performance correlated with medial temporal lobe activation but, surprisingly, activation was more extensive in patients who developed dementia compared with those who remained stable. Like PET and structural MRI studies, nondemented patients at high genetic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical risk for dementia may exhibit decreased patterns of brain activation compared with controls.117 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Using proton MRS (1H-MRS), several

groups have found brain metabolite Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical concentrations for 7V-acetylaspartate (NAA) and myoinositol (MI) to distinguish AD patients from controls although conflicting results have been reported for choline.118 Decreased NAA concentration relative to creatine (NAA/Cr) is considered to be an MRS marker of diminished neuronal density and viability. Elevations in Ml/Cr ratios are less specific, but may be associated with glial activation and other neurochemical processes; Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical it is unclear how this may relate to AD pathogenesis. Compared

with normal controls, some investigators have found increased Ml/Cr in the posterior cingulate gyrus and white matter of MCI patients.119,120 Nondemented Down’s syndrome patients at high risk for AD also have elevated Ml/Cr ratios.121 A recent study observed that decreased medial temporal lobe NAA/H2O Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ratios distinguished MCI patients from normal controls, while increased parietotemporal MI/H2O distinguished MCI cases from AD.122 Further research will determine whether MRS can identify a specific metabolite signature that differentiates Idoxuridine early AD pathology. Some evidence, however, suggests that while NAA/Cr may be a nonspecific marker for age-related neuronal dysfunction and cognitive decline, MI elevations may be a better index of neuropathology.123 Imaging AD pathology Recently developed amyloid imaging tracers for PET have resulted in pilot studies with promising initial findings.124,125 The positron-emitting [11C]benzothiazole derivative known as Pittsburgh compound-B (PIB) has been shown to effectively discriminate a group of 16 mild AD patients from cognitively normal controls in a recently published PET study.