Moreover, we must take into account that, like the pathophysiological mechanisms of complex psychiatric disorders, different genes are interacting and modulating each other in drug response, in addition

to environmental factors. Nevertheless, the field of pharmacogenetics is expanding rapidly, and the elucidation of the disease processes through Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical genomics, the identification of novel drug targets, and the subtyping of patient populations are all ambitious methods that may help us individualize pharmacological therapy. Conclusion Understanding the biology of major depression is a challenging scientific problem with enormous sociological and clinical relevance. The discovery of antidepressant drugs and the investigation of their mechanism of action has revolutionized our understanding of neuronal functioning and the possible mechanisms underlying depression. There is no doubt that the monoaminergic system is one Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the cornerstones of research, but any hypothesis

for the pathophysiology of depression must take into account the many interactions with other brain systems and the complexity of the regulation of the CNS function. In spite of all the progress that has been achieved in the last Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical decades, we must be aware that there are still today considerable problems in understanding and treating severe depression, and knowing the cause of treatment-resistant depression. Selected abbreviations

and acronyms BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone DA dopamine GABA γ-aminobutyric acid GH growth hormone HPA hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical S-HT 5-hydroxy try ptamine (serotonin) MAOI monoamine oxidase inhibitor NE norepinephrine NK natural killer (cell) SSRI selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor TCA tricyclic antidepressant
Stress-related psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and major depression impair the lives of approximately Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 10% to 15% of the population. For many years, the success of the pharmacological treatment of these disorders has been restrained by various PF-04691502 ic50 factors, including long latency of clinical effect, treatment Ketanserin resistance, adverse side effects, and, in the case of the anxiolytic benzodiazepines, tolerance and addictive potential. Although stress has continuously been a subject of research since the 1940s, the pharmacological principle of action (ie, the interaction with the classic neurotransmitters such as serotonin, noradrenaline, and γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) of the antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs prescribed today still stems from work carried out as early as the 1950s. A new epoch began in 1981 with the discovery of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) as the principal mediator of the effects of stress on the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and behavior.