Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011, 43:2063–71.PubMedCrossRef 30. West SL, Scheid JL, De Souza MJ: The effect of exercise and estrogen on osteoprotegerin selleck inhibitor in premenopausal women. Bone 2009, 44:137–44.PubMedCrossRef 31. Williams NI, Helmreich DL, Parfitt DB, Caston-Balderrama A, Cameron JL: Evidence for a causal role of low energy

availability in the induction of menstrual cycle disturbances during strenuous exercise training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:5184–93.PubMedCrossRef 32. De Souza MJ, Leidy HJ, O’Donnell E, Lasley B, Williams NI: Fasting ghrelin levels in physically active women: relationship with menstrual disturbances and metabolic hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:3536–42.PubMedCrossRef 33. Frisch RE, McArthur JW: Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary Saracatinib for their maintenance or onset. Science 1974, 185:949–51.PubMedCrossRef 34. Miller KK, Grinspoon S, Gleysteen S, Grieco KA, Ciampa J, Breu J, Herzog DB, Klibanski A: Preservation of neuroendocrine control of reproductive

function despite severe undernutrition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:4434–8.PubMedCrossRef 35. Lebrethon MC, Vandersmissen E, Gerard A, Parent AS, Junien JL, Bourguignon JP: In vitro stimulation of the prepubertal rat gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator by leptin and neuropeptide y through distinct mechanisms. Endocrinology 2000, 141:1464–9.PubMedCrossRef

36. Chan JL, Mantzoros CS: Role of leptin in energy-deprivation Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase states: normal human physiology and clinical implications for hypothalamic amenorrhoea and anorexia nervosa. Lancet 2005, 366:74–85.PubMedCrossRef 37. Chan JL, Heist K, De Paoli AM, Veldhuis JD, Mantzoros CS: The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men. J Clin Invest 2003, 111:1409–21.PubMed 38. Wang J, Liu R, Hawkins M, Barzilai N, Rossetti L: A nutrient-sensing pathway regulates leptin gene expression in muscle and fat. Nature 1998, 393:684–8.PubMedCrossRef 39. Zeigerer A, Rodeheffer MS, McGraw TE, Friedman JM: Insulin regulates leptin secretion from 3t3-l1 adipocytes by a pi 3 kinase independent mechanism. Exp Cell Res 2008, 314:2249–56.PubMedCrossRef 40. Bolton JG, Patel S, Lacey JH, White S: A prospective study of changes in bone Selleckchem GSK3326595 turnover and bone density associated with regaining weight in women with anorexia nervosa. Osteoporos Int 2005, 16:1955–62.PubMedCrossRef 41. Compston JE, McConachie C, Stott C, Hannon RA, Kaptoge S, Debiram I, Love S, Jaffa A: Changes in bone mineral density, body composition and biochemical markers of bone turnover during weight gain in adolescents with severe anorexia nervosa: a 1-year prospective study. Osteoporos Int 2006, 17:77–84.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.