The inhibitory percentages ranged from 0 to 94%. Stems showed the strongest antibacterial activity (inhibition of the growth in 6 of the 7 strains tested) especially against Micrococcus luteus (82%) followed by leaves and roots. Regarding fraction

polarity, 60% and 20% aqueous methanolic fractions were the most and the less active fractions, respectively. All the organ fractions showed a high antifungal activity, notably against Kloeckera apiculata (85% for leaf 40%) and Candida albicans (77% for stem 40%). Even more, leaf, stem and root fractions were very potent in inhibiting growth of filamentous fungi, with inhibition percentages varying between 23% and 99%. Overall, the fractionation process enabled a better assessment of M. edule antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which were attributed to various metabolites with different

VX-661 polarities. Our findings also indicate that M. edule organs could be used as a potent source of natural antioxidants and antibiotics. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To study hearing outcome in revision stapedotomy cases where Rabusertib extensive erosion of the long process of the incus was observed in a consecutive series where a malleovestibular prosthesis was used versus a consecutive series where hydroxyapatite (HA) bone cement was used to rebuild the eroded long process of the incus and integrate the prosthesis.

Patients: Twenty revision cases of surgically treated

otosclerosis where extensive incus erosion was observed during revision surgery.

Intervention: In the earlier consecutive series, 10 cases were treated with malleovestibular prostheses. In the later consecutive series, 10 cases were treated with HA bone cement to rebuild the incus-prosthesis interface.

Main Outcome Measures: Air-bone gap, bone-conduction thresholds, and air-conduction thresholds were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 to 3 months. Last audiometry available also was reported (median, 12 mo). Pure-tone averages were calculated NVP-HSP990 chemical structure according to the guidelines of the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium for the evaluation of conductive hearing loss. Raw data were displayed in an Amsterdam Hearing Evaluation Plot.

Results: Six male patients and 14 female patients were included. Age varied from 34 to 75 years (median, 53 yr). The median postoperative air-bone gap at last follow-up audiometry was 15.6 in the malleovestibular prosthesis group and 13.1 dB in the HA bone cement group. No short-term or intermediate-term adverse reactions or unsuspected bone conduction deteriorations were seen.

Conclusion: HA bone cement can be successfully used to reconstruct the long process of the incus in case of extensive erosion of the long process. Intermediate-term hearing outcome is comparable to the outcome of a series of similar cases treated with malleovestibular prostheses.