Type II strains were found to activate NFκB more efficiently than either type I or type III strains, and this was found to be determined by a QTL on chromosome X that was fine mapped to a resolution of only 45 predicted genes. Of the four candidate genes based on the

Obeticholic Acid manufacturer presence of a secretory signal sequence and evidence for expression in tachyzoites, only GRA15 could confer the increased NFκB activation phenotype to a type I strain. These QTL studies highlight the importance and utility of integrating a variety of functional information to facilitate the identification of genes responsible for QTLs. The vast amount of genomic information available for Toxoplasma is becoming more amenable to primarily in silico approaches to identify new genes of interest and genetic pathways RO4929097 that may represent new targets for intervention. Secretory proteins play a key role in interacting with the host cell [i.e. those secreted from rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules; (18,19,23)] and have been the subject of most of these analyses. In one study, Chen et al. (24) used literature searches to compile a curated list of all known microneme proteins and then used protein family [PFAM; (25)]

searches to identify domains present within them. They then queried the genomes of 12 apicomplexan species for proteins predicted to contain these domains, identifying 618 candidate proteins, half 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase of which were predicted to have secretory signal sequences. Toxoplasma contained 60 candidate proteins, and seven of the eight candidates tested localized to the micronemes, the rhoptries or both (24). The authors also used existing protein–protein interaction data to identify potential

interacting partners in the host cell. In one method, the authors selected a highly curated list of PFAM domains known to interact with the adhesive domains found with Toxoplasma adhesive domain-containing proteins based on published protein structures. In the other, the authors used existing protein–protein interaction data from yeast two-hybrid screens. For each of the six protein domains found within a subset of secreted Toxoplasma proteins, lists of potential host interacting partners were proposed based on these well-curated interaction datasets. While this result is preliminary, these proteins represent excellent candidates for host cell–interacting partners of Toxoplasma secreted proteins. The Toxoplasma genome database has provided the platform for assembling the complement of enzymes involved in various metabolic pathways utilized by the parasite. A global search of the Toxoplasma genome using amino acid sequences of glycolytic enzymes from different species has identified all ten enzymes that mediate the core steps of the glycolytic pathway (26).