Hence, nutrient conditions influence the biosynthesis of M(IP)2C in yeast. Autophagy is a catabolic membrane-trafficking phenomenon that occurs in response to drastic changes in the nutrients available to yeast cells, for example during starvation for nitrogen (N) or carbon (Abeliovich & Klionsky, 2001). Although both autophagy and the M(IP)2C content of yeast membranes seem to be responsive to nutritional stress, a direct link between these processes has not been investigated in yeast to date. Selleck LBH589 Hence, the question arises as to whether Δipt1 or Δskn1 single and double deletion mutants

are characterized by an altered autophagic response as compared with the corresponding wild type (WT). Therefore, in this study, we used N starvation to assess differences in the autophagic response of the different Δipt1 and/or Δskn1 deletion mutants as compared with WT, as well as their sphingolipid profiles and putative induction of apoptosis, which has previously been linked to autophagy (Maiuri et al., 2007; Scott

et al., 2007). Because overexpression of autophagy-related protein 1, Atg1, in Drosophila was previously shown to induce autophagy and to cause cell death accompanied by increased DNA fragmentation (Scott et al., 2007), we further assessed DNA fragmentation upon N starvation in all mutants and WT. The yeast strains used are Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 (MATa his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 met15Δ0 ura3Δ0) and the corresponding Δipt1, Δskn1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Navitoclax price CA) mutants and the double Δipt1Δskn1 deletion mutant (Thevissen et al., 2005), the pho8Δ60∷pho8 pho13Δ∷kan-lox PRKD3 strain (WT, YTS158) (Noda et al., 1995) and the corresponding Δatg1, Δipt1, Δskn1 and Δipt1Δskn1 mutants. Overnight cultures in YPD medium (1% yeast extract; 2% peptone, 2% glucose) were transferred to SD medium [0.8 g L−1 complete amino acid supplement mixture (Bio 101 Systems); 6.5 g L−1 yeast nitrogen base (YNB); 20 g L−1 glucose] at a start OD600 nm=0.2, grown to the exponential phase till

OD600 nm=0.8, washed twice with SD-N medium (0.17% YNB w/o ammonium sulfate and amino acids, 2% glucose) and shifted to SD-N medium for 4 h. As a control, cells were also shifted to SD medium after reaching the exponential phase. For monitoring bulk autophagy, the alkaline phosphatase activity of Pho8Δ60 was carried out as described previously (Noda et al., 1995; Klionsky, 2007). The percentage of autophagy of the different mutants was relative to the WT autophagy level under the different conditions. After challenge with SD-N medium, cell numbers were measured (using CASY cell counter), ROS levels were determined (via staining with dihydroethidium) and phosphatidylserine externalization of the yeast cultures (via staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled annexin V in combination with propidium iodide) was quantified using flow cytometry and bd facsdiva software (Madeo et al., 1997; Büttner et al.

Hence, nutrient conditions influence the biosynthesis of M(IP)2C in yeast. Autophagy is a catabolic membrane-trafficking phenomenon that occurs in response to drastic changes in the nutrients available to yeast cells, for example during starvation for nitrogen (N) or carbon (Abeliovich & Klionsky, 2001). Although both autophagy and the M(IP)2C content of yeast membranes seem to be responsive to nutritional stress, a direct link between these processes has not been investigated in yeast to date. IWR-1 manufacturer Hence, the question arises as to whether Δipt1 or Δskn1 single and double deletion mutants

are characterized by an altered autophagic response as compared with the corresponding wild type (WT). Therefore, in this study, we used N starvation to assess differences in the autophagic response of the different Δipt1 and/or Δskn1 deletion mutants as compared with WT, as well as their sphingolipid profiles and putative induction of apoptosis, which has previously been linked to autophagy (Maiuri et al., 2007; Scott

et al., 2007). Because overexpression of autophagy-related protein 1, Atg1, in Drosophila was previously shown to induce autophagy and to cause cell death accompanied by increased DNA fragmentation (Scott et al., 2007), we further assessed DNA fragmentation upon N starvation in all mutants and WT. The yeast strains used are Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 (MATa his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 met15Δ0 ura3Δ0) and the corresponding Δipt1, Δskn1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Dabrafenib concentration CA) mutants and the double Δipt1Δskn1 deletion mutant (Thevissen et al., 2005), the pho8Δ60∷pho8 pho13Δ∷kan-lox triclocarban strain (WT, YTS158) (Noda et al., 1995) and the corresponding Δatg1, Δipt1, Δskn1 and Δipt1Δskn1 mutants. Overnight cultures in YPD medium (1% yeast extract; 2% peptone, 2% glucose) were transferred to SD medium [0.8 g L−1 complete amino acid supplement mixture (Bio 101 Systems); 6.5 g L−1 yeast nitrogen base (YNB); 20 g L−1 glucose] at a start OD600 nm=0.2, grown to the exponential phase till

OD600 nm=0.8, washed twice with SD-N medium (0.17% YNB w/o ammonium sulfate and amino acids, 2% glucose) and shifted to SD-N medium for 4 h. As a control, cells were also shifted to SD medium after reaching the exponential phase. For monitoring bulk autophagy, the alkaline phosphatase activity of Pho8Δ60 was carried out as described previously (Noda et al., 1995; Klionsky, 2007). The percentage of autophagy of the different mutants was relative to the WT autophagy level under the different conditions. After challenge with SD-N medium, cell numbers were measured (using CASY cell counter), ROS levels were determined (via staining with dihydroethidium) and phosphatidylserine externalization of the yeast cultures (via staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled annexin V in combination with propidium iodide) was quantified using flow cytometry and bd facsdiva software (Madeo et al., 1997; Büttner et al.

Microdialysis testing occurred inside four separate operant chambers located inside foam-insulated isolation units that minimized noise and other environmental stimuli (Coulbourn Instruments, Whitehall, Venetoclax chemical structure PA, USA). The operant chambers (28 × 18 × 19 cm) were

equipped with a fan and a house light. The ceiling of the isolation unit had a small opening that allowed for unobstructed passage of the microdialysis probe tubing into the operant chamber. The operant chambers had grid floors with a plastic tray underneath filled with beta chip. Probes were assembled according to previously reported methods (Sorge et al., 2005). They consisted of 20-μm-diameter polyethylene (PE) tubing (70–75 cm long; Plastics-One, Roanoke, VA, USA) with one end connected to the stainless steel

shaft of a dual-channel liquid swivel (HRS Scientific, Montreal, QC, Canada). The swivel was located on top of the isolation unit and was connected to a variable speed electric syringe infusion pump (Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA, USA). Dialysate was collected from the outlet of the probe into 0.5-mL Eppendorf tubes (Sigma–Aldrich). The other end of the PE tubing was attached to a probe tip consisting of 26-gauge stainless steel tubing, 22 mm in length (Fisher Scientific, Nepean, selleck products ON, Canada) and a 2.5-mm-long semi-permeable membrane (280 μm OD, 220 μm ID, with a molecular weight cutoff of 13 000; Fisher Scientific). The outer end membrane was occluded with epoxy syringe glue (Henkel, Mississauga, ON, Canada) to create a closed system for the flow of dialysate. Small-diameter fused silica tubing (Polymicro Technologies, Pheonix, AZ, USA) extended into the probe 0.5 mm from the glued tip of the semi-permeable membrane. A stainless steel collar was screwed onto the

cannula to secure the probe. Ten days following minipump implantation, rats were anesthetized and microdialysis probes were lowered into each guide cannula 5 h before dialysate sampling began. When lowered, the probe extended 3.0 mm beyond the guide cannula Buspirone HCl directing the probe tip and membrane towards the center of the NAcc. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; in mm: Na+, 145; K+, 2.7; Ca2+, 1.2; Mg2+, 1.0; Cl−, 150; ascorbate, 0.2; and Na2HPO4, 2; pH 7.4 ± 0.1; Sigma) was perfused through the probe during a period of 5 h to prevent occlusion and stabilize the baseline, at a rate of 1.0 μL/min. Following this period, six baseline dialysate samples were collected. Each sample was collected for 10 min at a flow rate of 1.0 μL/min (resulting in 10 μL of dialysate per sample). Samples were immediately placed on dry ice and stored at −80 °C. After baseline, rats were administered AMPH (0.25 mg/kg IP) and another 12 samples were collected every 10 min for a period of 2 h.

Tg2576 mice or wild-type (WT) littermates were treated daily with MRK-560 (30 μmol/kg) or vehicle for 4 (acute) or 29 days (chronic). The subsequent MEMRI analysis revealed a distinct axonal transport dysfunction in the Tg2576 mice compared with its littermate controls. Interestingly, the impairment of axonal transport could be fully reversed by chronic administration of MRK-560, in line

with the significantly lowered levels of both soluble and insoluble forms of Aβ found in the brain and olfactory bulbs (OBs) following Alpelisib price treatment. However, no improvement of axonal transport was observed after acute treatment with MRK-560, where soluble but not insoluble forms of Aβ were reduced in the brain and OBs. U0126 clinical trial The present results show that axonal transport is impaired in Tg2576 mice compared with WT controls, as measured by MEMRI. Chronic treatment in vivo with a gamma-secretase inhibitor, MRK-560, significantly reduces soluble and insoluble forms of Aβ, and fully reverses the axonal transport dysfunction. “
“The reaction times of saccadic eye movements have been studied extensively as a probe for cognitive behavior controlled by large-scale cortical and subcortical neural networks. Recent studies have shown that the reaction times of targeting saccades

toward peripheral visual stimuli are prolonged by fixational saccades, the largest miniature eye movements including microsaccades. We have shown previously that the frequency of fixational saccades is decreased by volitional action preparation controlled internally during the antisaccade paradigm (look away from a stimulus). Instead, here we examined whether fixational saccade modulation induced externally by sensory events could also account for targeting saccade facilitation by the same sensory events. When targeting saccades were facilitated by prior fixation stimulus disappearance Rutecarpine (gap effect), fixational

saccade occurrence was reduced, which could theoretically facilitate targeting saccades. However, such reduction was followed immediately by the rebound of fixational saccade occurrence in some subjects, which could eliminate potential benefits from the previous fixational saccade reduction. These results do not mean that fixational saccades were unrelated to the gap effect because they indeed altered that effect by delaying targeting saccade initiation on trials without the fixation gap more strongly than trials with it. Such changes might be attributed to the disruption of volitional saccade preparation because the frequency of fixational saccades observed in this study was associated with the ability of volitional control over antisaccade behavior.

Therefore, it is plausible that the optimal extraction was achieved when DNA released from the silica mineral was fragmented to a less extent during incubation. To validate the assumption that opal-CT in sediment needs to be dissolved to release DNA into solution, we tested three additional

sediment samples, the mineralogy of which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern analysis. Two of these samples were primarily composed of opal-A and not consolidated to opal-CT, while another sample was consolidated to opal-CT with a different locality. As shown in Table 4, prokaryotic DNA was not extracted from the sediment Ceritinib research buy with opal-CT at 65 °C in 0.33 N NaOH for 50 min, but rather at 94 °C in 0.33 N NaOH for 50 min. In contrast, prokaryotic DNA was extracted from sediment samples with opal-A at 65 °C in 0.33 N NaOH for 50 min rather than at 94 °C in 0.33 N NaOH for 50 min. XRD analysis revealed that opal-CT dissolution was not evident during incubation at 65 °C in 0.33 N NaOH Z-VAD-FMK cost for 50 min, which was found to be optimal for DNA extraction from Pseudomonas cells (Fig. 1b and Table S1). These results strengthened our assumption

that DNA is released into solution from the consolidated sediment owing to dissolution of the opal-CT. In this study, a DNA extraction procedure was optimized for the best reproducibility, the shortest incubation time with a reasonable amount of PCR-amplifiable DNA and potentially minimized fragmentation: heating Glutathione peroxidase at 94 °C for 50 min in 0.33 N NaOH solution. DNA extraction method developed in this study has the potential for determining the biosphere globally distributed in deep subseafloor sediments as well as sedimentary rocks from other terrestrial subsurface settings. This study was supported by grants from

the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) and Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES). “
“Initial analysis has shown that the transcription of the Pseudomonas alcaligeneslipA gene, which encodes an extracellular lipase, is governed by the LipQR two-component system consisting of sensor kinase LipQ and DNA-binding regulator LipR. This study further analyzes lipA gene expression and demonstrates that the RNA polymerase σ54 is involved in the transcription. Purified LipR has an ATPase activity that is stimulated by the presence of lipA promoter DNA. Surface plasmon resonance measurements with purified and in vitro phosphorylated LipR reveal that phosphorylation of LipR is required for specific binding to the upstream activating sequence of the lipA promoter. Furthermore, mass spectrometric analysis combined with mutagenesis demonstrates that Asp52 is the phosphorylated aspartate. This analysis exposes LipR as a prominent member of the growing family of bacterial enhancer-binding proteins. Pseudomonas alcaligenes is a Gram-negative bacterium that efficiently secretes high quantities of commercially relevant enzymes, such as lipases and proteases (Gerritse et al., 1998).

Rheumatologists are in charge of ultrasound in many Korean hospitals. Rheumatologists in hospitals and private clinics use ultrasound to examine between one and five patients daily; they use ultrasound for diagnosis more than monitoring and receive compensation Selleck Selumetinib of about US$30–50 per patient. There are marked differences in the rates of ultrasound usage between rheumatologists who work in private practice compared with tertiary hospitals. Korean rheumatologists not currently using ultrasound in their practice appear eager

to do so. This survey provides important insights into the current status of ultrasound in rheumatology in Korea and highlights several priorities; specifically, greater provision of formal training, standardization of reporting

and accrual of greater experience among ultrasound users. If these needs are addressed, all rheumatology departments in Korea are likely to use ultrasound or have access to it in the future. “
“Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent type of arthritis Pirfenidone chemical structure in the elderly, is also among the first five leading causes of disability in developed countries. With the ‘Westernized’ living environment and lifestyle among Southeast Asian urbanized cities, where obesity is on the rise and the populations are ageing, the incidence of OA is expected to rise in the next decades. There is need to summarize research work within PD184352 (CI-1040) these places. This article summarizes some of the research aspects of OA in Southeast Asian cities. These data may form a useful basis for future planning of medical resource and needs. “
“To examine the inhibitory effect of tacrolimus on radiographic joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thirty-eight patients with RA resistant or intolerant to conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs were administered tacrolimus and analyzed retrospectively. Disease activity and clinical

response were evaluated by Disease Activity Score in 28 joints and C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria. The progression of joint destruction was evaluated by an estimated yearly change in modified Total Sharp Score (mTSS). Good or moderate response rate according to EULAR response criteria was seen in 63.2%, 63.2%, 73.7% and 65.8% of patients at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The rate of patients with low disease activity or remission reached 47.3% and 50.0% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Progression of joint damage, evaluated as yearly change in mTSS (ΔmTSS), significantly decreased from 11.4 at baseline to 2.63 in the first year and 0.69 in the second year of tacrolimus treatment. These findings suggest tacrolimus has the potential to inhibit progression of joint damage in established RA.

Rheumatologists are in charge of ultrasound in many Korean hospitals. Rheumatologists in hospitals and private clinics use ultrasound to examine between one and five patients daily; they use ultrasound for diagnosis more than monitoring and receive compensation http://www.selleckchem.com/products/dabrafenib-gsk2118436.html of about US$30–50 per patient. There are marked differences in the rates of ultrasound usage between rheumatologists who work in private practice compared with tertiary hospitals. Korean rheumatologists not currently using ultrasound in their practice appear eager

to do so. This survey provides important insights into the current status of ultrasound in rheumatology in Korea and highlights several priorities; specifically, greater provision of formal training, standardization of reporting

and accrual of greater experience among ultrasound users. If these needs are addressed, all rheumatology departments in Korea are likely to use ultrasound or have access to it in the future. “
“Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent type of arthritis CH5424802 price in the elderly, is also among the first five leading causes of disability in developed countries. With the ‘Westernized’ living environment and lifestyle among Southeast Asian urbanized cities, where obesity is on the rise and the populations are ageing, the incidence of OA is expected to rise in the next decades. There is need to summarize research work within Y-27632 2HCl these places. This article summarizes some of the research aspects of OA in Southeast Asian cities. These data may form a useful basis for future planning of medical resource and needs. “
“To examine the inhibitory effect of tacrolimus on radiographic joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thirty-eight patients with RA resistant or intolerant to conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs were administered tacrolimus and analyzed retrospectively. Disease activity and clinical

response were evaluated by Disease Activity Score in 28 joints and C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria. The progression of joint destruction was evaluated by an estimated yearly change in modified Total Sharp Score (mTSS). Good or moderate response rate according to EULAR response criteria was seen in 63.2%, 63.2%, 73.7% and 65.8% of patients at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The rate of patients with low disease activity or remission reached 47.3% and 50.0% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Progression of joint damage, evaluated as yearly change in mTSS (ΔmTSS), significantly decreased from 11.4 at baseline to 2.63 in the first year and 0.69 in the second year of tacrolimus treatment. These findings suggest tacrolimus has the potential to inhibit progression of joint damage in established RA.

Methods.  see more In 2008 an epidemiological oral health survey was carried out and the results on caries were compared with five cross-sectional studies carried out using the same methods and criteria in 1997, 1999, 2002, 2004, and 2006 in the same city. In all surveys, children were randomly selected from those attending a National Day of Children’s Vaccination. Calibrated dentists carried out the clinical examination using WHO criteria. Caries trends were assessed by time-lag analysis. In total, 5348 children were examined in the six surveys over the 11-year

period. Results.  Time-lag analysis showed a marked and statistically significant decline in the prevalence (χ2 for trends: P < 0.001) and severity (Kruskal–Wallis: Dabrafenib in vitro P < 0.001) of dental caries between 1997 and 2008. Conclusion.  In conclusion, the last cohort of preschool children in Diadema had much better dental caries status than those in 1997. "
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013; 23: 216–224 Objectives.  This randomised, controlled trial compared the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and 304% fluoride toothpaste to prevent early childhood caries (ECC) in a birth cohort by 24 months. Methods.  The participants

were randomised to receive either (i) twice daily toothbrushing with toothpaste and once daily 0.12% CHX gel (n = 110) or (ii) twice daily toothbrushing with toothpaste only (study controls) (n = 89). The primary outcome measured

was caries incidence and the secondary outcome was percentage of children with mutans streptococci (MS). All mothers were contacted by telephone at 6, 12, and 18 months. At 24 months, all children were examined at a community dental clinic. Results.  At 24 months, the caries prevalence was 5% (3/61) in the CHX and 7% (4/58) in the controls (P = 0.7). There were no differences in percentages of MS-positive children between the CHX and control groups (54%vs 53%). Only 20% applied the CHX gel once daily and 80% less than once daily. Conclusions.  Toothbrushing using 304% fluoride toothpaste with or without the application of chlorhexidine gel (0.12%) reduces ECC from 23% found Phosphoprotein phosphatase in the general community to 5–7%. The lack of effect with chlorhexidine is likely to be due to low compliance. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 132–143 Background.  Recent reports have suggested that dental caries among some young children is increasing in the United States. Aim.  To describe changes in paediatric caries prevalence by poverty status in the United States. Design.  National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for children aged 2–11 years for 1988–1994 and 1999–2004 were used. Results.

Methods.  BTK pathway inhibitor In 2008 an epidemiological oral health survey was carried out and the results on caries were compared with five cross-sectional studies carried out using the same methods and criteria in 1997, 1999, 2002, 2004, and 2006 in the same city. In all surveys, children were randomly selected from those attending a National Day of Children’s Vaccination. Calibrated dentists carried out the clinical examination using WHO criteria. Caries trends were assessed by time-lag analysis. In total, 5348 children were examined in the six surveys over the 11-year

period. Results.  Time-lag analysis showed a marked and statistically significant decline in the prevalence (χ2 for trends: P < 0.001) and severity (Kruskal–Wallis: U0126 molecular weight P < 0.001) of dental caries between 1997 and 2008. Conclusion.  In conclusion, the last cohort of preschool children in Diadema had much better dental caries status than those in 1997. "
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013; 23: 216–224 Objectives.  This randomised, controlled trial compared the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and 304% fluoride toothpaste to prevent early childhood caries (ECC) in a birth cohort by 24 months. Methods.  The participants

were randomised to receive either (i) twice daily toothbrushing with toothpaste and once daily 0.12% CHX gel (n = 110) or (ii) twice daily toothbrushing with toothpaste only (study controls) (n = 89). The primary outcome measured

was caries incidence and the secondary outcome was percentage of children with mutans streptococci (MS). All mothers were contacted by telephone at 6, 12, and 18 months. At 24 months, all children were examined at a community dental clinic. Results.  At 24 months, the caries prevalence was 5% (3/61) in the CHX and 7% (4/58) in the controls (P = 0.7). There were no differences in percentages of MS-positive children between the CHX and control groups (54%vs 53%). Only 20% applied the CHX gel once daily and 80% less than once daily. Conclusions.  Toothbrushing using 304% fluoride toothpaste with or without the application of chlorhexidine gel (0.12%) reduces ECC from 23% found find more in the general community to 5–7%. The lack of effect with chlorhexidine is likely to be due to low compliance. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 132–143 Background.  Recent reports have suggested that dental caries among some young children is increasing in the United States. Aim.  To describe changes in paediatric caries prevalence by poverty status in the United States. Design.  National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for children aged 2–11 years for 1988–1994 and 1999–2004 were used. Results.

Methods.  Y-27632 clinical trial In 2008 an epidemiological oral health survey was carried out and the results on caries were compared with five cross-sectional studies carried out using the same methods and criteria in 1997, 1999, 2002, 2004, and 2006 in the same city. In all surveys, children were randomly selected from those attending a National Day of Children’s Vaccination. Calibrated dentists carried out the clinical examination using WHO criteria. Caries trends were assessed by time-lag analysis. In total, 5348 children were examined in the six surveys over the 11-year

period. Results.  Time-lag analysis showed a marked and statistically significant decline in the prevalence (χ2 for trends: P < 0.001) and severity (Kruskal–Wallis: selleck compound P < 0.001) of dental caries between 1997 and 2008. Conclusion.  In conclusion, the last cohort of preschool children in Diadema had much better dental caries status than those in 1997. "
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013; 23: 216–224 Objectives.  This randomised, controlled trial compared the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and 304% fluoride toothpaste to prevent early childhood caries (ECC) in a birth cohort by 24 months. Methods.  The participants

were randomised to receive either (i) twice daily toothbrushing with toothpaste and once daily 0.12% CHX gel (n = 110) or (ii) twice daily toothbrushing with toothpaste only (study controls) (n = 89). The primary outcome measured

was caries incidence and the secondary outcome was percentage of children with mutans streptococci (MS). All mothers were contacted by telephone at 6, 12, and 18 months. At 24 months, all children were examined at a community dental clinic. Results.  At 24 months, the caries prevalence was 5% (3/61) in the CHX and 7% (4/58) in the controls (P = 0.7). There were no differences in percentages of MS-positive children between the CHX and control groups (54%vs 53%). Only 20% applied the CHX gel once daily and 80% less than once daily. Conclusions.  Toothbrushing using 304% fluoride toothpaste with or without the application of chlorhexidine gel (0.12%) reduces ECC from 23% found PtdIns(3,4)P2 in the general community to 5–7%. The lack of effect with chlorhexidine is likely to be due to low compliance. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 132–143 Background.  Recent reports have suggested that dental caries among some young children is increasing in the United States. Aim.  To describe changes in paediatric caries prevalence by poverty status in the United States. Design.  National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for children aged 2–11 years for 1988–1994 and 1999–2004 were used. Results.