This may be attributed to the fact that higher precursor concentration is more suitable for the formation of δ-Ni2Si system. Furthermore, when the pressure was higher than 15 Torr, the concentration of the Ni source was oversaturated and the morphology of the product turned into islands instead of NWs. Those islands may result from the condition Talazoparib concentration change to decrease the surface energy of the system by transforming into bulk-like structures, as shown in Figure 1d. Thus, the diameter of the NWs can be controlled under specific pressure range and the ambient pressure plays an important role in maintaining the morphology of the NWs.

Figure 1 SEM images of as-synthesized NWs at vacuum pressures of (a) 6, (b) 9, (c) 12, and (d) 15 Torr. The temperature was fixed at 400°C, reaction time was 30 min, and carrier gas flow rate was held at 30 sccm. Figure 2a,b shows a series of SEM

images of NWs with different growth times at a constant gas flow rate (30 sccm) and GDC-0449 in vitro ambient pressure (9 Torr). The yield and density increased prominently when the growth time was raised from 15 to 30 min. The XRD analysis of different reaction time is shown in Figure 2c. The characteristic peaks were examined and identified to be orthorhombic δ-Ni2Si and NiSi according to the JCPDF data base. From Figures 1 and 2, SEM images indicate that there were two types of microstructures (NWs and islands) in the products. In order to identify each phase of the microstructures of the as-grown products, structural analysis of the NWs has been Y-27632 2HCl performed. Figure 3a is the low-magnification TEM image of the NW with 30 nm in diameter. HRTEM image (Figure 3b) shows the NW of [010] growth direction with 2-nm-thick native oxide. FFT diffraction click here pattern of the lattice-resolved image is shown in the inset of Figure 3b, which represents the reciprocal lattice planes with [1] zone axis. The phase of the NW has been identified to be δ-Ni2Si, constructed with the orthorhombic structure by lattice parameters of a = 0.706 nm, b = 0.5 nm, and c =0.373 nm. Therefore, the as-deposited layer would be ascribed to NiSi. Figure

2 δ-Ni 2 Si NWs grown at (a) 15 and (b) 30 min, and (c) corresponding XRD analysis of products. The temperature was fixed at 400°C, ambient pressure was 9 Torr, and the carrier gas flow rate was 30 sccm. Figure 3 Low-magnification (a) and high-resolution TEM images (b) of δ-Ni 2 Si NWs grown at 400°C, 9 Torr, and 30-sccm Ar flow. The image shows that there exists an oxide layer with 2 nm in thickness on the NW. The inset in (b) shows the corresponding FFT diffraction pattern with a [1] zone axis and [010] growth direction. The schematic illustration of the growth mechanism is in Figure 4. In the Ni-Si binary alloy system, it has been investigated that Ni atoms are the dominant diffusion species during the growth of orthorhombic δ-Ni2Si and NiSi [26].

J Appl Phys 2011, 110:014302.CrossRef 42.

Zhang Y, Liu F: Maximum asymmetry in strain induced mechanical instability of graphene: compression versus tension . Appl Phys Lett 2011, 99:241908.CrossRef Competing interests The author declares that he has no competing interests.”
“Background Graphene has many unique and novel electrical and optical BIRB 796 properties [1–3] because it is the thinnest sp2 allotrope of carbon arranged in a honeycomb lattice. Recent studies indicate that the remarkable carrier transport properties of suspended graphene with respect to supported graphene include temperature transport, magnetotransport, and conductivity [4–6]. The phonon modes of graphene and their effects on its properties due to the dopants and defects’ effects are also different between suspended and supported graphene. These effects on its properties can be studied by Raman spectroscopy [7–9]. Raman spectroscopy has been CUDC-907 in vivo extensively used to investigate the vibration properties of materials [10–13]. Recently, characterizing the band structure of graphene and the interactions of phonons has been applied as the powerful study method [14–18]. With the different effects influenced by doping and substrate, charged dopants produced by residual photoresist in the fabrication process are possibly induced by the deposition and also affect the substrate. According to relevant studies [19, 20], the properties

of metallic particles on graphene used as an electrode in graphene-based electronic SGC-CBP30 mw devices can be understood clearly and suspended graphene is suitable to use to understand the effect of charged dopants on the substrate. In our previous works [21, 22], we used polarized Raman spectroscopy to measure the strain effect on the suspended graphene. We fitted the spectra with triple-Lorentzian function and obtained three sub-2D peaks: 2D+, 2D-, and 2D0. In another work, we observed three sub-G peaks: G+, G-, and G0. The property of intensity of G+,

G is similar as 2D+ and 2D peaks. The linewidth analysis with data fitting into pure Lorentzian and Voigt profiles had been applied two-photon transitions in atomic Cs [23, 24], because of its elastic motion of atomic structures. Pregnenolone The Voigt profile, a convolution of a Lorentzian and a Gaussian, is used to fit these Raman spectra of graphene. In this work, the supported and suspended graphene were both fabricated by micromechanical cleavage, and then, they were identified as monolayer graphene by Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy. The Raman signals of suspended and supported graphene can be measured and analyzed by probing the graphene surface which contains them. The peak positions of G band, the I 2D/I G ratio, and bandwidths of G band fitted with Voigt profile are obtained with the Raman measurements. Under our analysis, details about the effects of charged impurities on the substrate can be realized.

Figure 2 Principal component analysis of pulmonary expression of the 10 host-encoded mRNAs in mock-treated and infected DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice in the 5-day time course of IAV infection. mRNA see more levels of Fos, Retnla, Irg1, Il6, Il1b, Cxcl10, Stat1, Ifng, Ifnl2, and Mx1 were determined by qRT-PCR as outlined in the Methods section, using Actb and Rpl4 mRNA expression for internal normalization. Each dot refers to the mean value of mice of one

treatment as outlined in the legend adjacent to the box. The number inside each dot identifies the time (h) elapsed since t = 0 h. A. Results obtained with the DBA/2J strain. B. Results obtained with the C57BL/6J strain. Including the third component Entospletinib clinical trial did not lead to further discrimination (data not shown). Pulmonary expression of individual host-encoded mRNAs Results are shown in Figure 3. All 10 host mRNAs exhibited at least some evidence of regulation throughout the time course (ANOVA). Four mRNAs were also significantly regulated in response to mock treatment, but two of these (Cxcl10 and Irg1) were regulated only in the DBA/2J strain. Fos, Il1b, Stat1, Ifng, Ifnl2, and Mx1 mRNAs were not regulated by mock treatment CHIR98014 in either strain. Figure 3 Expression changes in mock-treated and infected DBA/2J (left column) and C57BL/6J (right column) mice in the 10 target

host mRNAs in the 5-day time course of IAV infection. Analysis of the same data set as used for Figure 2. Panels show fold change expression, determined by qRT-PCR, of Fos (A, B), Retnla (C, D), Irg1 (E, F), Il6 (G, H), Il1b selleck products (I, J), Cxcl10 (K, L), Stat1 (M, N), Ifng (O, P), Ifnl2 (Q, R), and Mx1 (S, T) mRNA. Fold change data of Ifnl2 represent an underestimation, as a Ct of 40 was assigned to all samples with Ct >40 (see Methods section). Solid lines, mice intranasally infected with 1×103 ffu of IAV strain PR8_Mun; interrupted lines, mice undergoing the same anesthesia/infection procedure except that buffer only, not containing virus, was used for intranasal installation (mock treatment).

*, p ≤0.05 for difference between infected mice at the given time point with respect to t = 0 h; ∆, p ≤0.05 for difference between mock treated and control (t = 0 h) mice; ‡, p ≤0.05 for difference between infected and mock treated mice at the given time point. All p values were determined with Tukey’s test. Fos mRNA was expressed at low level and increased significantly after 48 h in the infected DBA/2J mice only (panel A). There was no evidence for mock treatment-dependent regulation of this mRNA in either mouse strain (panels A and B). The apparent tendency of an increase in infected C57BL/6J mice toward the later time points was not significant. Retnla mRNA increased significantly at all time points in infected DBA/2J mice.