Opioid use patterns, diagnosed substance abuse, self-reported pain score, and health care utilization over the 12-month postindex period were compared between

cohorts. Results: Compared with duloxetine-treated patients (N = 439), nonduloxetine-treated patients (N = 439) during the postindex period had more opioid scripts (4.8 vs. 3.6, P = 0.002), longer use of opioid (133 vs. 100 days, P = 0.004), and a higher prevalence of substance abuse (41.00% vs. 23.69%, P < 0.001). Nonduloxetine-treated group had 12.0 more outpatient visits (41.8 vs. 29.8, P < 0.0001), 0.16 more hospital admissions (0.32 vs. 0.16, P = 0.001), and 2.36 more hospital days (3.37 vs. 1.01, P = 0.005). Additionally, nonduloxetine-treated Galardin manufacturer patients were more likely to be hospitalized (17.8% check details vs. 10.9%, P = 0.004) over the postindex period. Conclusion: Controlling for cross-cohort differences, veterans with MDD treated with duloxetine were associated with lower risks of opioid use and substance abuse and lower health care utilization than those treated with

other antidepressants. ?”
“This study aimed to analyze the expression, clinical significance of epithelial membrane protein-1 (EMP1) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and the biological effect in its cell line by EMP1 overexpression. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to analyze the EMP1 protein expression in 75 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer and 31 cases of normal tissues to study the relationship between EMP1 expression and clinical factors. www.selleckchem.com/products/hmpl-504-azd6094-volitinib.html Recombinant lentiviral vector was constructed to overexpress EMP1 and then infect nasopharyngeal cancer CNE2 cell line. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western

blot were used to detect the mRNA level and protein of EMP1. MTT assay, cell apoptosis, migration, and invasion assays were also conducted to determine the influence of the upregulated expression of EMP1 that might be found on CNE2 cells’ biological effect. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot: The level of EMP1 protein expression was found to be significantly lower in nasopharyngeal cancer tissue than in the normal tissues (P smaller than 0.05). Decreased expression of EMP1 was significantly correlated with T stages, lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and histological grade of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (P smaller than 0.05). Meanwhile, the loss of EMP1 expression correlated significantly with poor overall survival time by Kaplan-Meier analysis (P smaller than 0.05). The result of biological function has shown that CNE2 cell-transfected EMP1 had a lower survival fraction, higher cell apoptosis, significant decrease in migration and invasion, higher caspase-9, and lower vascular endothelial growth factor C protein expression compared with CNE2 cell-untransfected EMP1 (P smaller than 0.05).

Step to step logistic regression to determine the effect of the quantitative data on the assignment to each subgroup.\n\nResults\n\nTwenty-four subjects were classified with MSOA. Among the 32 OHAO patients,

15 had bilateral hip OA and 17 had unilateral hip OA. The latter were classified with “Isolated hip OA” (IHOA). CPII levels were significantly lower in patients with MSOA than in those with OHOA Vactosertib datasheet (99.9 +/- 50.3 ng/mL versus 141.9 +/- 81.2 ng/mL, p=0.04. OR=0.18 for CPII >120 ng/mL, p<0.005). C2C levels were also lower in MSOA (9.7 +/- 2.3 ng/mL) versus OHOA (11.4 +/- 3.2ng/mL, p=0.03. OR=0.26 for C2C >10 ng/mL, p=0.02). There was an inverse correlation between min JSW and C2C only in patients with IHOA (r=0.50, p=0.02).\n\nConclusion\n\nHip OA, in patients with MSOA, might be related to alteration in CII metabolism which may result in a deficient type II collagen repair process. The significant relationship between C2C and JSW in IHOA suggests that this marker is of value in assessing cartilage degradation patients with involvement of a single joint.”
“Porcine reproductive

and respiratory syndrome BLZ945 price virus (PRRSV) genetic determinants affecting the response of the host primary target cell, the macrophage, to infection are yet to be defined. Here we have used recombinant viruses encompassing ORF 1A to identify PRRSV determinants associated with growth and modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in primary pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) cultures. Three genomic chimeras encompassing ORF 1A of PRRSV live attenuated vaccine Prime Pac (LAV SP) in the genetic background of pathogenic strain NVSL 97-7895 (FL12v) were characterized in vitro. Unlike parental viruses, two of the recombinant viruses encompassing the area of the genome encoding for NSP2 to NSP8 showed reduced growth in PAM cultures. The effect of virus infections on gene activation was studied for 25 immunomodulatory cellular genes in PAMs at 24 and 48 h post-infection (hpi). Steady state mRNA levels in PAMs infected with recombinant and LAV SP viruses

were compared to levels observed in cells infected with parental virus FL12v. Recombinant viruses induced patterns of transcriptional activation differing from patterns induced by Sapanisertib manufacturer parental FL12v, suggesting a regulatory role of PRRSV ORF1A on PAM gene expression. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) was originally identified as the third member of the TNF superfamily to induce apoptosis. TRAIL is normally expressed in many human tissues including kidney. Circulating soluble TRAIL is a negative marker for inflammation and is inversely associated with the mortality risk in chronic kidney disease patients. One increasingly prevalent complication in heart transplant recipients appears to be chronic kidney disease.\n\nMaterials and Methods.

In addition, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry revealed that bHRs had more spontaneous dopamine ‘release events’ in the core of the nucleus accumbens than bLRs. Thus, bHRs exhibit parallels to ‘externalizing disorders’ in humans, representing a genetic animal model of addiction vulnerability associated see more with a propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues, behavioral disinhibition, and increased

dopaminergic ‘tone.’ Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 388-400; doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.142; published online 30 September 2009″
“Introduction. – Neurological manifestations of celiac disease are rare and polymorphic. Similar to lesions of the digestive tract, the standard treatment includes steroids.\n\nCase report. – A 41-year-old woman, followed up for celiac disease resistant to gluten-free diet, developed rapidly spastic paraparesis, cerebellar syndrome, horizontal diplopia and decline of visual acuity. The diagnosis of neurological complications of celiac disease

was established and the patient was treated with methylprednisolone, followed by oral prednisone. For 9 years, the patient’s neurological status remained stabilized with a prednisone dose at 20 mg per 11-deoxojervine day. The patient relapsed when progressive reduction of prednisone dose was attempted; neurological and gastrointestinal signs worsening at 15 mg per day; increasing the dose to 30 mg improved the clinical status.\n\nDiscussion. – The mechanism of onset of neurological disease remains unknown. Immunological, nutritional, toxic or metabolic factors could be involved. The positive response to corticosteroids observed in this patient suggest an immunological mechanism. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: The Blalock-Taussig shunt (BTS) was introduced 68 years ago before open repair of cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) was possible. The originally described technique has undergone many modifications but remains an integral component AZD5582 of the management of cyanotic CHD. We report our contemporary,

single institution experience with the BTS.\n\nSTUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective review of all patients treated with a BTS from June 1995 to December 2011.\n\nRESULTS: There were 730 BTS performed in 712 patients; 727 (99.6%) by interposition graft (modified). The BTS was predominantly right-sided (n = 657, 90%). Median age and weight at palliation were 8 days (range 0 days to 18.5 years) and 3.2 kg (1.5 to 51 kg). Median hospital length of stay was 16 days (range 0 to 347 days). There were 241 (33%) BTS performed as initial palliation for ultimate 2-ventricle (2V) circulation, 471 (65%) as part of staged palliation for patients with functionally univentricular lesions (1V), 6 (1%) as a part of 1.5-ventricle palliation, and 12 (1%) for Ebstein’s anomaly.

Conclusions: The results regarding the differences between subjective and objective sleep data can be a reference for care providers when comforting depression patients who complain of sleep disturbance. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background. Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disease resulting from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of cytokine and antioxidant enzyme genes may affect cytokine production and enzyme activity, and thus play a contributory role in asthma pathogenesis.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the association of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) Ala16Val, catalase (CAT) A-21T and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) G-308A polymorphisms with bronchial asthma. Material and Methods. A see more total of 79 patients with asthma and 95 healthy controls were screened for MnSOD Ala16Val, CAT A-21T and TNF-alpha G-308A

C59 Wnt Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results. The results obtained showed significantly higher prevalence of the MnSOD ValVal genotype (chi(2) = 14.463, df = 2, p = 0.001) and MnSOD 16Val allele (chi(2) = 12.862, p = 0.026, OR = 0.451, 95% CI = 0.291-0.699) in patients with asthma compared to controls. The genotype and allele frequencies distribution of CAT A-21T and TNF-alpha G-308A gene polymorphisms did not show differences between patients and controls. Conclusions. Our results show an association of MnSOD Ala16Val genetic polymorphism with asthma in a Serbian population and suggest a protective role of the MnSOD 16Ala allele”
“The nuchal translucency (NT) thickness is an important parameter in the diagnosis of fetuses. The previous computerized methods often require manual operations to select the NT region, which leads to the time-consuming problem and the detection selleckchem variability. In the paper, a hierarchical model

is proposed for the automated detection of the NT region. Three discriminative classifiers are first trained with Gaussian pyramids to represent the NT, head and body of fetuses respectively. Then a spatial model is proposed to denote the spatial constrains among them. Finally the dynamic programming and generalized distance transform are applied for the inference from the proposed model, which ensures that the optimal solution can be obtained for the NT detection. The direction problem of fetuses is resolved by the introduced “OR” node. The performance of the proposed model is verified by the experimental results of 690 clinical NT ultrasound images. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Birds have a smaller repertoire of immune genes than mammals. In our efforts to study antiviral responses to influenza in avian hosts, we have noted key genes that appear to be missing. As a result, we speculate that birds have impaired detection of viruses and intracellular pathogens.

\n\nResults: Platelet counts were significantly lower in the Freedom SOLO group than

in the SJM group from the first postoperative day (POD 1) up to POD 6 (p <0.001). In three patients of the Freedom SOLO group the platelet count fell below 30×10(9)/1, while the lowest level in the SJM group was 75×10(9)/1. Based on multiple linear regression models, the type of valve implanted had a statistically significant influence on postoperative platelet counts Compound C solubility dmso on POD 1, POD 3, and POD 5 (p <0.001).\n\nConclusion: Whilst the reason for this phenomenon is unknown, the use of consistent monitoring should prevent severe falls in platelet count from becoming dangerous for the patient. Further studies are required to investigate selleck inhibitor the phenomenon since, despite a shorter cardiopulmonary bypass time, the fall in platelet count was more profound in the Freedom SOLO group.”
“Objective: The need for expansion of health services provided in drug treatment programs has been widely discussed since the beginning of the HIV epidemic among drug users. Service expansion has focused on various types of services including medical services

(eg, primary care) and harm-reduction services (eg, provision of sterile syringes).\n\nMethods: A staff survey was conducted in 8 methadone maintenance clinics in the New York/New Jersey area to assess attitudes toward the provision of harm reduction and other services in methadone clinics, and the relationship of these attitudes to other variables.\n\nParticipants: A total of 114 staff members in 8 methadone maintenance clinics completed the survey.\n\nResults: The majority LY2157299 in vivo of staff was supportive of adding

services, over 90% supported medical services, and the majority supported harm-reduction services such as syringe access and disposal services. Higher education and HIV knowledge levels were significant correlates of favorable attitudes toward service provision.\n\nConclusions: Support for providing harm-reduction services in methadone maintenance clinics was found. Enhancing knowledge of staff regarding various types of health services, and engaging them in how best to institute new services, should be undertaken when new services are planned.”
“Xylans are polymeric sugars constituting a significant part of the plant cell wall. They are usually substituted with acetyl side groups attached at positions 2 or 3 of the xylose backbone units. Acetylxylan esterases are part of the hemicellulolytic system of many microorganisms which utilize plant biomass for growth. These enzymes hydrolyze the ester linkages of the xylan acetyl groups and thus improve the accessibility of main-chain-hydrolyzing enzymes and their ability to break down the sugar backbone units. The acetylxylan esterases are therefore critically important for those microorganisms and as such could be used for a wide range of biotechnological applications.

At baseline, participants completed a questionnaire and provided blood samples. During a mean follow-up time of 9 years, 261 ICC cases and 804 CIN3/CIS cases were reported. In a nested case-control study, the baseline sera from 609 cases and 1,218 matched controls were tested for L1 antibodies against HPV types 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58, and antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and Human Herpes Virus 2 (HHV-2). Cervical samples were not available for HPV-DNA analysis in this study. Multivariate analyses were used to estimate associations between smoking and risk of CIN3/CIS and

ICC in the cohort and the case-control studies. In the cohort analyses smoking status, duration and intensity showed a two-fold increased risk of CIN3/CIS and ICC, while time since quitting was associated with a two-fold find more reduced risk. In the buy LDK378 nested case-control study, consistent associations were observed after adjustment for HPV, CT and HHV-2 serostatus, in both HPV seronegative and seropositive women. Results from this large prospective study confirm the role of tobacco smoking as an important risk factor for both CIN3/CIS and ICC, even after taking into account HPV exposure as determined by HPV serology. The strong beneficial effect of quitting smoking is an important finding that will further support public health policies

for smoking cessation. What’s new? Tobacco smoking is a cited cause of cervical cancer, but whether it causes cervical malignancy independent of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is unclear. Here, strong associations were found between most measures of tobacco smoking and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade

3/carcinoma in situ and invasive cervical cancer, after taking into account past exposure to HPV infection. Quitting smoking was associated with a 2-fold risk reduction. The findings confirm the role of tobacco smoking in cervical carcinogenesis and show that quitting the habit has important benefits for cancer protection.”
“Rationale: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the lower limbs is an emerging training strategy in patients with COPD. The efficacy of this technique is related to CH5183284 mouse the intensity of the stimulation that is applied during the training sessions. However, little is known about tolerance to stimulation current intensity and physiological factors that could determine it. Our goal was to find potential physiological predictors of the tolerance to increasing NMES stimulation intensity in patients with mild to severe COPD. Methods: 20 patients with COPD (FEV1 = 54+/-14% pred.) completed 2 supervised NMES sessions followed by 5 self-directed sessions at home and one final supervised session. NMES was applied simultaneously to both quadriceps for 45 minutes, at a stimulation frequency of 50 Hz.

S1PR1 activates STAT3 in part by upregulating JAK2 tyrosine kinase activity. We show that STAT3-induced S1PR1 expression, as well as the S1P-S1PR1 pathway reciprocal regulation of STAT3 activity, is a major positive feedback loop for persistent STAT3

activation in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment and for malignant progression. (C) 2010 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Acute myocardial infarction is a life-threatening condition. Coronary dissection after blunt chest trauma is a rare event. Chest pain is a common symptom after chest trauma, which may relate to chest contusion without cardiac injury or myocardial infarction. Differentiation between minor cardiac contusion and significant cardiac injury is difficult and it is a challenge for physicians to diagnose traumatic cardiac injury early. We report a APR-246 case of a 40-year-old man suffering from coronary artery dissection after a blunt chest trauma Pfizer Licensed Compound Library and intracranial hemorrhage after percutaneous coronary intervention.”
“Methods and Results: One thousand two hundred and seventy-two individuals, age >= 65 years, with 24-hour Holter recordings were studied. HRT, which quantifies heart rate response to ventricular premature contractions, was categorized as: both turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence

slope (TS) normal; TO abnormal; TS abnormal; or both abnormal. Independent risks for cardiac mortality associated with HRT or, for comparison, elevated

CRP (> 3.0 mg/L), were calculated using Cox regression analysis adjusted for traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors and stratified by the presence of no, isolated subclinical (i.e., intermediate risk) or clinical cardiovascular disease. Having TS + TO abnormal compared to both normal was associated with cardiac mortality in the low-risk PF-04929113 solubility dmso group [HR 7.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8-22.5, (P < 0.001)]. In the high and intermediate risk groups, abnormal TS and TS + TO ([HR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5-4.0, P = 0.016] and [HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-5.9, P = 0.012]), respectively, were also significantly associated with cardiac mortality. In contrast, elevated CRP was associated with increased cardiac mortality risk only in low-risk individuals [HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3-5.1, P = 0.009]. Among low risk, the c-statistic was 0.706 for the base model, 0.725 for the base model with CRP, and 0.767 for the base model with HRT.\n\nConclusions: Abnormal HRT independently adds to risk stratification of low, intermediate and high-risk individuals, but HRT and CRP appear to both add to stratification of those considered low risk. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 122-127, February 2011).”
“Background: Patient Centred Tuberculosis Treatment (PCT) is a promising treatment delivery strategy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).

Obesity data were derived from the National Center for Health Statistics Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. MEDLINE searches were performed using keywords, such as socioeconomic status, poverty, African American, Hispanic, race, and combined with related articles.\n\nResults: Socioeconomic Ro-3306 concentration deprivation may be responsible for the increased risk of breast cancer mortality in African American and Hispanic patients, as they are more likely than white American patients to be diagnosed with advanced disease. Among white women, social deprivation is related to poor breast cancer prognosis, with increased prevalence rates of high-grade, estrogen receptor

(ER)-negative tumors, similar to that of triple-negative breast cancers observed in African American

and Hispanic women. Obesity is associated with advanced breast cancer at diagnosis, high tumor proliferation rates, and more triple-negative phenotypes, indicating that it may adversely contribute to prognosis.\n\nConclusions: Most studies show an effect of SES on breast cancer incidence and prognosis. Research should focus on the influence of social deprivation on breast cancer characteristics, such as absence of ER expression, that occurs in African Americans and Hispanics and in white European women with a different genetic background.”
“The ESCAPE study (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) investigates long-term effects of exposure to air pollution on human health in Europe. This paper documents the spatial variation of measured NO2 and NOx concentrations between and within 36 ESCAPE study areas across Europe.\n\nIn www.selleckchem.com/products/sc79.html all study areas NO2 and NOx were measured using standardized methods between October 2008 and April 2011.

On average, 41 sites were selected per study area, including regional and urban background as well as street sites. The measurements were conducted in three different seasons, using Ogawa badges. Average concentrations for each site were calculated DAPT after adjustment for temporal variation using data obtained from a routine monitor background site.\n\nSubstantial spatial variability was found in NO2 and NOx concentrations between and within study areas; 40% of the overall NO2 variance was attributable to the variability between study areas and 60% to variability within study areas. The corresponding values for NOx were 30% and 70%. The within-area spatial variability was mostly determined by differences between street and urban background concentrations. The street/urban background concentration ratio for NO2 varied between 1.09 and 3.16 across areas. The highest median concentrations were observed in Southern Europe, the lowest in Northern Europe.\n\nIn conclusion, we found significant contrasts in annual average NO2 and NOx concentrations between and especially within 36 study areas across Europe.

EM residency programs that required a rural rotation had increased resident selection of rural jobs, but only 5% of programs had this requirement.”
“The goal of this two-year study was to explore the role of nutrients and climatic conditions in promoting reoccurring Alexandrium fundyense blooms in the Northport-Huntington Bay complex, NY, USA. A bloom in 2007 was short and small (3 weeks, 10(3) cells L(-1) maximal density) compared SBE-β-CD to 2008 when the A. fundyense bloom, which persisted for 6 weeks, achieved cell densities >10(6) cells L(-1) and water column saxitoxin concentrations >2.4 x 10(4) pmol STX eq. L(-1). During the 2008 bloom, both deployed mussels (used as indicator

species) and wild soft shell clams became highly toxic (1400 and 600 mu g STX eq./100 g shellfish tissue, respectively) resulting in the closure of shellfish beds. The densities of benthic A. fundyense cysts at the onset of this bloom were four orders of magnitude lower than levels needed to account for observed cell densities, indicating in situ growth of vegetative cells was responsible for elevated bloom densities. Experimental enrichment of bloom water with nitrogenous compounds, particularly ammonium, significantly increased A. fundyense densities and particulate saxitoxin concentrations relative

to unamended control treatments. The delta(15)N signatures (12-23 parts per thousand) of particulate organic matter (POM) during blooms were similar to those of sewage (10-30 parts per thousand) and both toxin and A. fundyense densities were Selleckchem TPCA-1 significantly

correlated with POM delta(15)N (p < 0.001). These findings suggest A. fundyense growth was supported by a source of wastewater such as the sewage treatment plant which discharges into Northport Harbor. Warmer than average atmospheric temperatures in the late winter and spring of 2008 and a cooler May contributed to an extended period of water column temperatures optimal for A. fundyense growth (12-20 degrees C), and thus may have also contributed toward the larger and longer bloom in 2008. Together this evidence suggests sewage-derived N loading and above average spring https://www.selleckchem.com/products/3-deazaneplanocin-a-dznep.html temperatures can promote intense and toxic A. fundyense blooms in estuaries. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We proposed a novel surface modification for an artificial hip joint stem from the viewpoint of maintenance and establishment of appropriate bone function and microstructure, represented by the preferred alignment of biological apatite (BAp) and collagen (Col). Oriented grooves were introduced into the proximal medial region of the femoral stem to control the principal stress applied to the bone inside the grooves, which is a dominant factor contributing to the promotion of Col/BAp alignment. The groove angle and the stem material were optimized based on the stress inside the grooves through a finite element analysis (FEA).

“
“Higher placental weight relative to birthweight has been described as an adaptive mechanism to fetal hypoxia in small for gestational age (SGA) infants. However, placental weight alone may not be a good marker reflecting intrauterine growth restriction. We hypothesized that fetoplacental ratio (FPR)-the ratio between birthweight LDC000067 nmr and placental weight-may serve as a good marker of SGA after adjustment for surrogates of fetal hypoxemia (maternal iron deficiency anemia, smoking

and choriodecidual necrosis). We conducted a within-sibling analysis using data from the US National Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959-1966) of 1,803 women who delivered their first two (or more) consecutive infants at term (n = 3,494). We check details used variance-component fixed-effect linear regression models to explore the effect of observed time-varying factors on placental weight and conditional logistic regression to estimate the effects of the tertiles of FPRs (1st small, 2nd normal and 3rd large) on the odds of SGA infants. We found placental weights to be 15 g [95 % confidence interval (CI) 8, 23] higher and -7

g (95 % CI -13, -2) lower among women that had anemia and choriodecidual necrosis, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, newborns with a small FPR (1st-tertile a parts per thousand currency sign7) had twofold higher odds of being SGA (OR 2.0, 95 % CI 1.2, 3.5) than their siblings with a large FPR (3nd-tertile a parts per thousand yen9). A small FPR was associated with higher odds of SGA, suggesting that small FPR may serve as an indicator suggestive of adverse intrauterine environment. This observation may help to distinguish pathological HSP990 chemical structure from constitutional SGA.”
“Vascular tumors of the bladder are rare and a subject of small series and case reports. We retrospectively identified vascular tumors of the urinary bladder from the consultation files from one of the

authors. We identified 13 lesions that included 3 hemangiomas, 3 intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasias (Masson vegetant hemangioendotheliomas), 2 arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), I epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE), and 4 angiosarcomas. One of the angiosarcomas was associated with conventional high-grade urothelial carcinoma (sarcomatoid carcinoma). All patients were adults with a range in age from 18 to 85 years old (mean 63.3). There was no statistical difference among the various lesions in terms of age, although angiosarcomas tended to arise in older patients (mean 71 y vs. 60y of the remainder). Hematuria was the most common presentation of both benign and malignant lesions. Other symptoms included voiding irritation, pelvic pain, and obstruction. Histologically, benign and malignant lesions were similar to their counterparts in other organ systems. Two hemangiomas were of the capillary type and a third one of the cavernous subtype. They measured 1.1, 2.4, and 3.2cm.