PubMedCrossRef 28. Kariuki S, Gilks CF, Kimari J, Muyodi J, Waiyaki P, Hart CA: Plasmid diversity of multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhoea in a poultry-farming area in Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1997, 91:87–94.PubMedCrossRef

29. Miro E, Navarro F, Mirelis B, Sabate M, Rivera A, Coll P, Prats G: Prevalence of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli producing inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases at a University Hospital in Barcelona, Spain, over a 3-year period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002, 46:3991–3994.PubMedCrossRef 30. Perez-Moreno MO, Perez-Moreno M, Carulla M, Rubio C, Jardi AM, Zaragoza J: Mechanisms of reduced susceptibility to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid in Escherichia coli strains from the health region of Tortosa (Catalonia, Spain). Clin Microbiol Infect www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html 2004, 10:234–241.PubMedCrossRef 31. Mendonca N, Leitao J, Manageiro V, Ferreira E, Canica M: Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing

escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal. Antimicrob buy IWR-1 Agents Chemother 2007, 51:1946–1955.PubMedCrossRef 32. Rodriguez-Bano J, Lopez-Cerero L, Navarro MD, de Diaz AP, Pascual A: Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 62:1142–1149.PubMedCrossRef 33. Carattoli A: Animal reservoirs for extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008,14(Suppl 1):117–123.PubMedCrossRef 34. Livermore DM, James D, Reacher M, Graham C, Nichols T, Stephens P, Johnson AP, George RC: Trends in fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) resistance in enterobacteriaceae from bacteremias, England and Wales, 1990–1999. Emerg

Infect Dis 2002, 8:473–478.PubMedCrossRef 35. Hanson ND, Moland ES, Hong SG, Propst K, Novak DJ, Cavalieri SJ: Surveillance of community-based reservoirs reveals the presence of CTX-M, imported AmpC, and OXA-30 beta-lactamases in urine isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in a U.S. community. Antimicrob Agents HSP90 Chemother 2008, 52:3814–3816.PubMedCrossRef 36. Gangoue-Pieboji J, Bedenic B, Koulla-Shiro S, Randegger C, Adiogo D, Ngassam P, Ndumbe P, Hachler H: Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Yaounde, Cameroon. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:3273–3277.PubMedCrossRef 37. Livermore DM, Canton R, Gniadkowski M, Nordmann P, Rossolini GM, Arlet G, Ayala J, Coque TM, Kern-Zdanowicz I, Luzzaro F, Poirel L, Woodford N: CTX-M: changing the face of ESBLs in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007, 59:165–174.PubMedCrossRef 38. Pitout JD, Thomson KS, Hanson ND, Ehrhardt AF, Moland ES, Sanders CC: beta-Lactamases responsible for resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis isolates recovered in South Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998, 42:1350–1354.PubMed 39.

These results point to the possibility that these insertions are group 1 introns. Figure 1 Amplification pattern by RT-PCR with the site-specific primer pairs

for intron-F and G. PCR products of from cDNA amplified with the primers inF-F and inF-R are eluted in lanes 2, 3, 15 and 16, and with primers inG-F and inG-R in lanes 4 and 5. PCR products from genomic DNA amplified with primer pair for intron-F are eluted in lanes 6, 7, 10, 13 and 14, and with primer pair for intron-G in lanes 8, 9 and 11. Lane 12 is the negative control. Moreover, we analyzed sequences of the spliced introns to confirm the boundaries of exon and intron sequences. The last nucleotide of the upstream learn more exon was click here confirmed to be a T (U in RNA) and the last nucleotide of the intron was a G, consistent with group 1 introns [11, 12]. Phylogenetic relationships of introns F and G of P. verrucosa Sequences of intron-F and G of ten P. verrucosa strains were sequenced and it was found that DNA sequence polymorphisms exist among the two introns, i.e., the intron-Fs ranged in the size from 389 to 391 bps and the four intron-Gs from 389 to 393 bps shown in Table 2. There were 24

nucleotide substitutions and two deletions/insertions (TH9 strain) within intron-F. There were five nucleotide substitutions among intron-Gs from PV1, PV33 and PV34, unlike 36 substitutions between PV1 and PV3. In addition, Blast search analyses and alignment lead us to believe that intron-Fs and Gs from 14 introns belong to subgroup IC1 of group 1 intron. Fourteen introns from 12 representative strains of P. verrucosa including Tetrahymena thermophila as out-group were aligned and used for phylogenetic analyses. Neighbor-joining (NJ) and Maximum Parsimony (MP) trees based on the alignment of these intron sequences are shown in Figure 2. The data set consisted of 466 characters, of which 156 were removed from the MP analysis due

to ambiguous alignment. Of the remaining 310 characters, 201 were variable and 129 were phylogenetically informative for parsimony analysis. Three major distinct and well-supported clades that had homologous topology were obtained from both phylogenetic analysis methods showing Protein kinase N1 that all the introns analyzed were undergoing a similar rate of evolution. The first clade [I] (87% BS support in NJ, 81% in MP) consisted of six strains having intron-F including 3 clinical isolates, the second clade [II] (57% BS in NJ and 77% in MP) consisted of 4 strains having intron-F, and the third clade [III] (100% BS in both trees) consisted of four G introns. All the introns clustered in clades [I] and [II] are inserted at the same position L798 those in clade [III] at the same position L1921. Introns inserted at the same positions belong to the same clusters and are considered to be the same subgroups.

The field was divided into three treatments (split-plot) in which three different regimes were applied: (i) Burnt

sugarcane – Before harvest, the sugarcane crop was burnt to remove the leaves. The stem was then manually harvested. After harvest, the soil remained ATM Kinase Inhibitor uncovered.   (ii) Green sugarcane – Harvest was performed using a machine that separates the sugarcane leaves from the stems. The leaves are then returned to the soil. After harvest, the soil remained covered by the vegetal residues.   (iii) Control – covered with trees interspersed with open areas, contiguous to the sugarcane treatments.   The sugarcane treatments had 6 years of implementation until the sampling. The fertilization regime of the area was composed by the addition of 400 kg ha-1 of NPK (5-25-15) during the implementation of the sugarcane crop (6 years before the

sampling), and an annual addition of 400Kg of NPK (20-0-20), after each harvest (8 months before the sampling). Monoammonium phosphate selleck chemicals llc was used as nitrogen source during the first fertilization and urea in all other subsequent ones. To allow replication, per treatment, five 5x5m subplots were defined randomly (approximately 10 m of distance from each other). The soil was collected as five replicates per subplot (which were pooled) approximately to 10 cm depth, using a core borer (total up to 2.5 kg). The sizes of the burnt sugarcane, green sugarcane and control treatments were 23.5, 9.9 and 2.9 ha, respectively. The native vegetation was chosen as control because it represents the soil’s natural condition; it received no addition of fertilizers. This control was a small fragment of native Cerrado (Cerradão-type, characterized by a dense formation of trees buy Cobimetinib up to 4 meters tall) [4]. The three treatments were very close to one another, less than 300 m apart. Soil physical and chemical properties Subsamples of soils from each site were air dried, sieved (2 mm)

and analyzed chemically. Exchangeable nutrients: Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+ extracted by 1 M KCl; P, Na and K by Mehlich-1 extractant – 0.05 mol L-1 in HCl in 0,0125 mol L-1 H2SO4) and pH (soil:water, 1:10); Potential acidity: H + Al extracted with calcium acetate 1 N (pH 7), titrated with 0.0125 N NaOH, were analysed according to Embrapa [27]. Inductively coupled plasma apparatus for Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+, flame emission (K and Na) and photocolometry (for P) were used for nutrient determinations. All analyses, except bulk soil density and potential denitrification (where samples were pooled), were conducted with all five replicate samples per treatment. Soil granulometry was determined using the aerometer method, after chemical dispersion [27]. Soil bulk density (2.5-7.5 cm) was determined in undisturbed samples, collected with 5 cm diameter and 5 cm height stainless steel rings, from three samples per treatment.

This does not exclude that free ThDP might have other physiological roles. Conclusion In E. coli, AThTP can be synthesized from free cellular ThDP and ADP or ATP. It accumulates (up to 15% of total thiamine) in response to different conditions of metabolic stress that impair bacterial CAL-101 in vivo growth: carbon starvation, metabolic inhibition or dissipation of the electrochemical proton gradient. These conditions are associated with different degrees of energy failure, but there is no direct relationship between AThTP production and decreased intracellular ATP levels. It might be argued

that AThTP is a kind of ATP storage form. This is however unlikely as the maximum concentrations attained are two orders of magnitude lower than ATP concentrations. Furthermore, hydrolysis of AThTP yields ThDP and therefore, the other product of hydrolysis must be AMP and not ATP. Our results show that AThTP accumulation is inhibited by high intracellular concentrations of ThTP. This may explain at least in part, that the two compounds never accumulate together in E. coli cells. It is finally demonstrated that glucose and other substrates yielding pyruvate are very effective to induce the fast disappearance of AThTP after prolonged www.selleckchem.com/products/i-bet-762.html incubation

of the cells in the absence of a carbon source. Surprisingly, the same substrates also enhance the appearance of AThTP when the proton motive force is abolished. Those data suggest that intracellular AThTP levels are regulated by multiple Niclosamide factors, including the electrochemical proton gradient, the intracellular concentration of ThTP and an unidentified factor whose synthesis is linked to pyruvate oxidation. With this respect it is noteworthy that there is an important accumulation of cAMP during carbon starvation in E. coli due to the stimulation of adenylate cyclase. The regulation of this enzyme is dependent on substrate uptake systems, but not on Δp or decreased ATP levels [23]. Furthermore, uncouplers such as DNP or CCCP decrease adenylate cyclase activity, suggesting that the well-known catabolite repression in E. coli is not involved in increased AThTP levels during carbon

starvation. The fact that E. coli strains deficient in RelA and SpoT activity normally synthesize AThTP suggests that (p)ppGpp and the stringent response are not involved AThTP synthesis. This hypothesis is further supported by the absence of effect of serine hydroxamate on its accumulation. AThTP is never observed in growing bacteria, or under conditions where ATP levels are high. This, suggests that AThTP might be a factor involved in the adaptation of the bacteria to conditions of energy stress. However, a low energy charge does only lead to AThTP accumulation under conditions where ThTP is absent. Methods Chemicals All chemicals were either from Sigma-Aldrich NV/SA (Bornem, Belgium) or from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and of the highest purity available. ThTP and AThTP were prepared as described [1, 24]. E.

During the second washout phase, after treatment with the COC, one woman in Mizoribine treatment sequence B became pregnant and discontinued the study. The remaining 28 women started treatment period 2, which was completed by a total of 26 subjects: 13 subjects (86.7 %) in treatment sequence A and 13 subjects (92.9 %) in treatment sequence B. Two subjects discontinued this period prematurely: one was lost to follow-up, and the other discontinued following a protocol

deviation. Fig. 2 Disposition of subjects. a Subjects using the novel Bayer patch were regarded as having completed treatment if there were ≥77 days between “Last day patch removed” and “First day patch worn” in period 2; b The study was completed only if the subject 4SC-202 molecular weight had completed the treatment period and had performed the follow-up visit. COC combined oral contraceptive The key demographic characteristics of the FAS population are summarized in Table 1. Overall, characteristics were very similar between the treatment groups. Table 1 Subject demographics and baseline characteristics (full analysis set) for treatment sequence A (n = 15), treatment sequence B (n = 14), and in total (n = 29)   Treatment sequence Aa Treatment sequence Bb Total Characteristic [mean ± SD

(range)]  Age (years) 26.9 ± 5.3 (18–35) 27.2 ± 3.8 (18–32) 27.0 ± 4.6 (18–35)  Height (cm) 167.3 ± 4.5 (161–174) 166.8 ± 7.2 (148–178) 167.1 ± 5.8 (148–178)  Body weight (kg) 62.6 ± 7.0 (51–78) 62.5 ± 9.0 (44–78) 62.6 ± 7.9 (44–78)  BMI (kg/m2) 22.4 ± 2.4 (19–26) 22.4 ± 2.8 (19–29) 22.4 ± 2.6 (19–29) Race [n (%)]  Caucasian 14 (93.3) 13 (92.9) 27 (93.1)  Asian 1 (6.7) 1 (7.1) 2 (6.9) BMI body mass index, COC combined oral contraceptive, EE ethinyl estradiol, GSD gestodene, LNG levonorgestrel, SD standard deviation aTreatment sequence A = transdermal patch containing 0.55 mg EE and 2.1 mg GSD in period 1, COC containing 0.03 mg EE and 0.15 mg LNG in period 2 bTreatment sequence B = COC containing 0.03 mg EE and 0.15

mg LNG in period 1, transdermal patch containing 0.55 mg EE and 2.1 mg GSD in period 2 3.2 Primary Hemostasis Parameters With regard to prothrombin fragments 1 + 2, no statistically significant differences were observed between the treatment groups in either treatment period. While little change was observed in the first treatment period, an increase of prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 was seen in the second Montelukast Sodium treatment period for both groups (baseline values 0.099 and 0.109 nmol/L in the novel Bayer patch and COC groups, respectively; absolute changes 0.025 and 0.028 nmol/L in the novel Bayer patch and COC groups, respectively). Over both treatment periods, the overall mean absolute change was 0.008 ± 0.042 nmol/L for the novel Bayer patch group and 0.013 ± 0.043 nmol/L for the COC group; the treatment difference of 0 (two-sided 97.5 % CI −0.032 to 0.022) was not statistically significant (p = 0.667). There were no statistically significant treatment sequence or period effects.

…….. 5′-CAGATCTCTGGAAAACGGGAAAGG PF-1 ……… 5′-AGAGAACACAGATTTAGCCCAGTCGG PF-2 ……… 5′-CCGCACGATGAAGAGCAGAAGTTAT PF-3 ……… 5′-GATCCTGGAAAACGGGAAAGGTTC TH12-2F1 ……… 5′-GATGGTGAAATTGGCAGAAAC TH12-2F2 ……… 5′-GGACATTAGTCCGGTTTGTTG TH12-2R1 ……… 5′-CAACAAACCGGACTAATGTCC TH12-2R2 ……… 5′-GTTTCTGCCAATTTCACCATC N-1 ……… 5′-NGTCGA(G/C)(A/T)GANA(A/T)GAA

N-2 ……… 5′-GTNCGA(C/G)(A/T)CANA(A/T)GTT N-3 ……… Ro 61-8048 nmr 5′-(A/T)GTGNAG(A/T)ANCANAGA P-3 ……… 5′-CTCGACGTTGTCACTGAAGCGGGAAG P-4 ……… 5′-AAAGCACGAGGAAGCGGTCAGCCCAT DY-SR1 ……… 5′-GAAATCGATCACCGCCTTCACAC DY-SF1 ……… 5′-AAAGAATTCTTCAGTCGCGTTG flhA-sen ……… 5′-TCACTCAACGTTGCATCTAC flhA-anti ……… 5′-CAAGATGTTGGCCAACAGATG fliC-sen ……… 5′-TCGGTGCGAATGATGGTG fliC-anti ……… 5′-AACGCAGCAGTGACAGC fliC-Fu-sen ……… 5′-TGGTTTTATCCACGACTCAC fliC-Fu-anti ……… 5′-ATGCAGCAGGATCCAGAAC flhA-Fu-sen ……… 5′-TCACTCAAGCTTGCATCTAC flhA-Fu-anti ……… 5′-CGGATTGTCGACTAGCTGG a All primers were purchased from MDE Bio Inc., Taipei, Taiwan TAIL-PCR products were sequenced using an ABI PRISM Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Cycle sequencing was carried out in a GeneAmp System 9600 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems). Sequencing was carried out according to buy CX-5461 the manufacturer’s protocol

using an ABI 373S automated DNA sequencer 373S (Applied Biosystems). Southern and colony hybridizations, probe labeling, and detection were performed by using a DIG DNA Labeling and Detection kit (Boehringer Mannheim PRKD3 GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) as described

by the manufacturer. Hybridization was performed overnight, and the membrane was washed according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. DNA electrophoresis, restriction digest, ligation, and transformation procedures for E. coli were performed as previously described [24]. Plasmid DNA transformation for Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum was performed using two previously described methods [26, 27] following an incubation at 35°C until the optical density (550 nm) of the culture was 0.40 to 0.55. Subcloning of flhD/C DNA from H-rif-8-6 The DNA fragment of flhD/C was amplified by PCR from H-rif-8-6 using oligonucleotide primers DY-SF1 and DY-SR1. The flhD/C DNA containing product was digested with restriction enzymes ClaI and EcoRI and subcloned into plasmid pBR322. The new plasmid was designated pBYL2DC. One hundred transformed colonies were isolated using selective LB agar containing 100 μg/ml of ampicillin after the transfer of pBYL2DC into E. coli DH05. The presence of the flhD/C DNA was detected by colony hybridization using flhD/C DNA probes and electrophoresis after digestion with ClaI and EcoRI to yield the expected 1.3-Kb DNA fragment bearing flhD/C. The pBYL2DC DNA was isolated from DH05/pBYL2DC and transferred into the insertion mutants of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum TH12-2.

While, PMF may be generated through PPi hydrolysis using a membrane RO4929097 mouse bound proton-translocating pyrophosphatase (PPase), the directionality of this PPase is unknown, and may in fact use PMF for PPi synthesis. PPi is a by-product of various endergonic biosynthetic reactions, including poly-nucleic acid synthesis from (deoxy)nucleotide triphosphates and activation of amino acids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids for protein, polysaccharide, and lipid synthesis [21].

Thus, the effective removal of PPi improves the thermodynamic feasibility of these reactions. Concentrations as low as 2 mM PPi have shown to inhibit growth of some bacteria [94]. In addition to serving as a central energy carrier, PPi serves to regulate key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism including LDH in Ca. saccharolyticus[21], malic enzyme in C. thermocellum (Taillefer and Sparling, unpublished), ATP-dependent PFK in T. maritima[95], and PTA in C. acidiurici[96]. As mentioned above, PPi can be utilized in the glycolytic direction by (i) PPi-dependent 6-P-fructokinase, (ii) PPDK, and (iii) acetate thiokinase. Alternatively, hydrolysis of PPi via a membrane-bound PPase (Cthe_1425) can be coupled to C188-9 price PMF generation that could

be utilized for transport of nutrients, motility, and ATP synthesis. The PPi-dependent enzymes used by C. thermocellum have remarkable similarities to that of parasitic protists (ie. Trichomonas foetus, Entamoeba histolytica; [75]) and other bacteria such as Ca. saccharolyticus[97]. PPi levels in Ca. saccharolyticus have been shown to be elevated (4 ± 2 mM) during exponential phase and lower during transition

to stationary phase [97], consistent with other organisms that do not contain a cystolic PPase (C. thermoaceticum and C. pasteuranum; [98]). Conversely, PPi levels in E. coli, which possesses a cystolic PPase, were low (0.3 mM) and did not fluctuate during growth [98]. We observed a 1.9-fold increase in membrane-bound PPase expression in stationary phase cells. Conclusions A unified understanding of how gene and gene-product expression, stability, and regulation, in conjunction with intracellular metabolic Adenosine profiling and thermodynamics of product formation, are key elements for targeted metabolic engineering strategies and fermentation optimization for the economic feasibility of biofuels production via consolidated bioprocessing. Clostridium thermocellum, like many cellulolytic, fermentative, biofuel producing organisms, has multiple enzymes capable of catalyzing parallel reactions and branched product pathways. Measuring peptide spectral counts via shotgun proteomics has been shown to be a valid method for determining relative protein abundance profiles [57–60]. In turn, understanding protein expression profiles may provide genetic engineering strategies targeted at redirecting carbon and electron flux for the optimization of end-product production. Furthermore, responses of protein expression in response to physiological conditions (ie.

Regardless of the detailed molecular mechanism of such methylation-dependent Eltanexor datasheet acceleration of CheR exchange, we propose that faster turnover can increase the efficiency of adaptation by limiting the amount

of time CheR spends in an unproductive association with a receptor molecule that cannot be further modified. This is particularly important for adaptation to high levels of ambient stimulus, when the kinetics and precision of adaptation become severely limited by the shortage of the free methylation sites [15, 52]. Another important effect of the faster turnover of CheR at the cluster may be to specifically reduce the noise in the signalling output at increased levels of receptor methylation. Previous studies suggested that the level of phosphorylated CheY in adapted E. coli cells can vary substantially on the time scale of tens of seconds [53]. This can be explained by stochastic fluctuations in the number of cluster-associated CheR molecules [53–55] that would translate into the variable level of receptor methylation and ultimately into fluctuations of the activity of the pathway. Such fluctuations are expected to result in E. coli cells occasionally undertaking very long runs, enhancing the overall efficiency of the population spread through the environment in the search of chemoattractant gradients Bafilomycin A1 manufacturer [54, 55]. However, fluctuating levels of CheY-P are also predicted to severely impair the

ability of bacteria to precisely accumulate at the source of the chemoattractant gradient, posing a trade-off dilemma for the chemotaxis strategy [55]. We

propose that the observed increase in the turnover of CheR at the highly methylated receptors will specifically decrease noise in the pathway output for cells that have already reached high attractant concentration along the gradient, enabling them to efficiently accumulate at the source of attractant. The triclocarban observed regulation of CheR exchange may therefore be an evolutionary selected trait that increases overall chemotaxis efficiency. An acceleration of exchange was also observed for the catalytic mutant of CheB. This indicates that the CheB exchange is dependent on its binding to substrate sites, similar to CheR, though the molecular details of this effect remain to be clarified. Moreover, CheB exchange was strongly stimulated by mutating the phosphorylation site in the regulatory domain, which prevents CheB activation by phosphorylation. This latter effect confirms that the binding of CheB to receptor clusters is strengthened by phosphorylation, which may provide an additional regulatory feedback to the chemotaxis system ([40]; Markus Kollmann, personal communication). Finally, we analyzed here the effects of temperature and showed that the thermal stability of the cluster core in the cell, determined by the exchange of CheA, is much higher than that of the biochemically reconstituted complexes [43].

Also, the occurrence of frequent genomic rearrangements in rhizobial species has been amply documented [19, 20, 25, 28]. Integrating these data, we propose that the R. etli plasmids were transferred to a S. fredii strain and recombination events among the plasmids, the chromosome, and possibly another endogenous S. fredii plasmid, led to the generation Ralimetinib supplier of plasmids pSfr64a and pSfr64b. This would indicate that pSfr64a is an evolutionary

“”new”" plasmid of chimeric origin, that was generated after R. etli strains arrived to Europe, following the discovery of America, when bean seeds coated with bacteria were most likely introduced to that continent [29]. It is noteworthy that pSfr64a, in spite of carrying a large segment of chromosomal origin, would not be considered as a secondary chromosome, as it can be cured without affecting the saprophytic phenotype of the strain (data not shown). It is possible that ATM Kinase Inhibitor clinical trial such a plasmid is an “”intermediate”" in the formation of secondary chromosomes. Other plasmids with a structure similar to that of pSfr64a, have yet to be described. The finding of such a plasmid in a natural environment may be a living example of a pathway that allows shuffling

of the repABC genes, which has been proposed as a strategy to explain the plasmid diversity of Rhizobium [26]. Also, the fact that the repABC genes are located adjacent to the transfer region that is similar to that of pRet42a, and separate from the other sequences that are similar to the R. etli pSym, highlights the impact of evolutionary forces leading to this arrangement, which is highly conserved in many plasmids, and must have evolved in a relatively

short time period. Strain NGR234 was isolated in 1965 by M. J. Trinick, from Lablab purpureus nodules in Papua New Guinea [11]. The complete genome of strain NGR234 has been sequenced [30]. Tau-protein kinase Very recently, the classification of NGR234 was changed from Rhizobium sp to Sinorhizobium fredii. However, no genomic sequence of a type strain of S. fredii is available at present. Genome analysis of other S. fredii strains, both, typical and bean-nodulating, would help to define if the sequence migrated to a plasmid in a S. fredii ancestor, or in a more recent event. The segment containing sequences similar to the R. etli transmissible plasmid pRet42a includes the genes involved in conjugative transfer. Conjugative transfer of Agrobacterium tumefaciens pTi and other rhizobial plasmids is subject to quorum-sensing regulation [3, 4, 31]. In pRet42a, transcription of tra and trb genes is activated by the autoinducer TraI and the transcriptional regulators TraR and CinR. The repressor encoded by traM is not active [5]. Plasmid pSfr64a contains similar regulatory genes, indicating that its transfer is probably regulated by quorum-sensing.

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