Figure 5 Effect of DMSA-Fe 2 O 3 on tube network formed by HAECs cultured on Matrigel within 14 h. (a) HAECs can form a capillary-like network on Matrigel-coated wells within 14 h. (b) An obvious failure to form networks by PU-H71 manufacturer HAECs in the presence of 0.01 mg/ml DMSA-Fe2O3. (c) Few tube networks by HAECs

in the presence of 0.02 mg/ml DMSA-Fe2O3. (d) The high urea solution (6M urea) was used as a positive control for the inhibition of tube formation. Figure 6 Length of tube networks formed by HAEC cultured on Matrigel. Image-Pro plus 6.0 for Windows software was used to measure the length of tube networks (pixels). The stained cells were inspected under a light microscope at ×100 magnification and captured more than three pictures from www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-680(MK-0457).html different fields. The average data from the same well was calculated as its quantitative value. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. **p < 0.01 vs. control. Conclusions In

summary, the present study shows that DMSA-Fe2O3 nanoparticles absorbed by the HAECs can cause a dose-dependent cytotoxic event. HAECs exposed to even a small amount of DMSA-Fe2O3 may have impaired endocrine function and angiogenic functions without obvious cell toxicity. Furthermore, the genes related to oxidative stress and inflammation response were activated. Therefore, cautious evaluation of DMSA-Fe2O3 nanoparticles in vivo is needed before applying them in medicine. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 81170220 and 81100156), Jiangsu Province Health Foundation (RC2011075), and the Open Project by Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices. We would like to thank Dr. Bin Zhou (Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, USA) for the critical reading,

check advice, and comments of the manuscript. References 1. Sjogren CE, Johansson C, Naevestad A, Sontum PC, Briley-Saebo K, Fahlvik AK: Crystal size and properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles. Magn Reson Imaging 1997, 15:55–67.CrossRef 2. Halbreich A, Roger J, Pons JN, Geldwerth D, Da Silva MF, Roudier M, Bacri JC: Biomedical applications of maghemite ferrofluid. Biochimie 1998, 80:379–390.CrossRef 3. Perez JM, O’Loughin T, Simeone FJ, NSC23766 datasheet Weissleder R, Josephson L: DNA-based magnetic nanoparticle assembly acts as a magnetic relaxation nanoswitch allowing screening of DNA-cleaving agents. J Am Chem Soc 2002, 124:2856–2857.CrossRef 4. Dyal A, Loos K, Noto M, Chang SW, Spagnoli C, Shafi KV, Ulman A, Cowman M, Gross RA: Activity of Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on gamma-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2003, 125:1684–1685.CrossRef 5. Alexiou C, Arnold W, Klein RJ, Parak FG, Hulin P, Bergemann C, Erhardt W, Wagenpfeil S, Lubbe AS: Locoregional cancer treatment with magnetic drug targeting. Cancer Res 2000, 60:6641–6648. 6. Vasir JK, Labhasetwar V: Targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy.

For strain 3841, mutation of flaE and flaH resulted in a reduction in swimming motility,

suggesting that these subunits probably contribute to the flagellar filament. However, FlaE and FlaH peptides were not detected in the wildtype flagellar preparations, indicating SAR302503 cell line that these peptides may not be stable under the conditions used. www.selleckchem.com/products/ganetespib-sta-9090.html glycosylation of flagellin subunits We observed that for strain 3841, both the upper and the lower bands on the protein gel contained the same set of flagellin subunits (FlaA, FlaB, and FlaC) (Table 3). The molecular masses (around 35kDa; Additional file 3) of the bands observed on the gel also appeared to be higher than the predicted molecular masses (31kDa) for FlaA and FlaB. This suggests that at least FlaA and FlaB may have undergone post-translational modification, resulting in a higher molecular weight and subsequently slower migration in the protein gel. Analysis

of the flagellin amino acid sequences of R. leguminosarum (Fig. 1 &2) revealed the presence of two to four putative glycosylation signals (N-X-S/T, where X is any amino acid except proline) [55]. The MS/MS spectral data for the identified peptides containing the glyosylation signal were also analyzed for the presence of glycosylation, based on the presence of peaks (m/z) corresponding to Selleckchem Entinostat different types of glycosylation (Additional file 4 shows a sample of a MS/MS spectrum). However, we have not identified any potential glycosylation for these peptides which may be attributed to the lability of this modification

[56, 57]. Also, sequence coverage only ranged from 18% to 46% (Fig. 1 and 2) and peptides at the C-termini of the flagellin subunits were not detected. The C-terminus contains a common glycosylation else site for the R. leguminosarum flagellin subunits but these glycosylations were not detected in the MS/MS analysis, which could be due to the above reason. Thus, we performed glycoprotein staining to determine if the flagellins are post-translationally modified by glycosylation. We observed positive staining for the flagellins of both VF39SM and 3841 suggesting that these flagellins are glycosylated (Fig. 6). We were unable to determine which flagellins are glycosylated because the seven flagellins were not separated on the protein gel. Glycosylation of flagellins has been reported in a number of animal and plant pathogens including Campylobacter jejuni [56, 57], Helicobacter pylori [57, 58], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [59, 60], Pseudomonas syringae [61, 62], Listeria monocytogenes [63, 64], A. tumefaciens [6], Acidovorax avenae [65], as well as in the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azosprillum brasilense [66]. It has been suggested that glycosylation may play a role in flagellar filament assembly and in pathogenesis [67, 68].

Organic matter in the ocean is depleted in 13C by ~20‰ relative to the (arbitrarily chosen) standard, carbon from fossil (extinct) marine Belemnite

carbonates in the Pee Dee formation in South Carolina (the PDB standard). By definition, the isotopic value of the standard relative to itself is 0‰ . Mantel carbon, emitted from volcanoes, has an isotopic value of ca. −5‰. Hence, to obtain such a mantel carbon isotopic value requires mixing 4 mass equivalents of carbonate with one mass equivalent of organic carbon. This basic notion provides the basis for estimating the oxidation state of the planetary surface (from a practical purpose, the atmosphere, as a very small fraction of the free #PCI-32765 chemical structure randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# oxygen is dissolved in the ocean or is found in crustal rocks). The notional concept is that as more organic carbon is buried oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere increase. On geological time scales, the burial of organic carbon removes the lighter isotope, 12C, in the inorganic phase, from the ocean/atmosphere system, leaving behind inorganic carbon that is increasingly enriched in 13C. Hence, on

geological time scales, increased net oxidation of the Earth’s surface can quantitatively be related to increased 13C content of inorganic carbon buried in the rock record as carbonates. The geochemical record of carbon isotopes over geological time, while clearly not perfect, is extensive and clearly reveals the pattern www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5183284-debio-1347.html of burial of reducing equivalents over the past 3.5 billion years. The results strongly suggest that organic carbon was extensively buried for 200 million years around the time of the GOE, and subsequently around 700 Ma (million years ago), and 350 Ma. Burial of organic matter on geological time scales is not trivial. Although until approximately 400 Ma, all primary production

on Earth was confined to aquatic ecosystems (by far the oceans), and the residence time of marine sediments is relatively short—on order of ca. 200–300 million years. The sediments are largely subducted into the upper mantel where they are heated and the resulting gases emitted via volcanism back to the atmosphere. this website Indeed on geological time scales this is the source of CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere. This so-called Wilson cycle [named after the late Canadian geophysicist, Tuozo Wilson (1966)] constrains oxidation of the atmosphere to small levels of oxygen, on order of ca. 1% PAL. To escape this constraint, organic carbon must be removed from the cycle. One mechanism is the uplift of marine sediments onto continental cratons, where it can be stored for billions of years. Indeed, subduction of marine crust along active continental margins leads to the formation of stable sedimentary rocks (as shales and mudstones) uplifted onto land and hence removed from the Wilson cycle. This process is driven by plate tectonics. Earth is the only planet in our solar system with active plate tectonics.

SNPs genotyping analysis of STAT3 in various cells Src inhibitor is required to address these issues in the future. In addition, through our research, patients carrying a high risk of dermatological toxicity by molecular target drugs could be identified by testing for STAT3 polymorphisms.

And, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation increases the potential of dermatological side effects induced by molecular target drugs in clinical reports [48]. STAT3 represents a critical regulator of keratinocytes in response to UVB irradiation [49]. After UVB irradiation, STAT3 is rapidly downregulated in keratinocytes, which leads to decreased cell cycle progression and increased sensitivity

to UVB-induced apoptosis. IACS-10759 It has also been reported that UV specifically decreases the DNA binding activity of STAT3 [50]. Furthermore, UV triggers the activation of members of the MAPK family, including Erk1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK [50]. UV irradiation can enhance MAPK activity and lead to a greater phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 in the presence of everolimus [26, 51]. These results suggest that the dermatological side effects induced by molecular target drugs can be increased potentially by UV irradiation, with repression of STAT3 activity mediating greater phosphorylation of Ser727. However, additional studies are Vasopressin Receptor necessary to clarify this potency. Conclusions In conclusion, STAT3 activation may be a key factor in everolimus-induced keratinocyte cytotoxicity. Moreover, p38 MAPK and Erk mediated between mTOR signaling and STAT3 signaling may also play an important role of everolimus-induced dermatological side effects. Skin reactions caused by everolimus or other molecular target drugs may

cause significant physical discomfort, thus decreasing the quality of life of patients or leading to the discontinuation of drug therapy. Therefore, a mechanism-based approach, and not just clinical experience-based treatment strategies, to assess dermatological toxicity should be proposed to overcome this uncomfortable reaction. We advocate that cutaneous localized treatment aimed at the maintenance of the homeostasis of STAT3 activity may be an effective strategy. Acknowledgments We thank Dr Kenta Hara (Division of General Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine) for helpful comments, technical advices and reviewing an earlier version of the manuscript. This work was supported in part by a research grant from The Nakatomi Foundation and JSPS selleck compound KAKENHI Grant Number 24790156. References 1. Yang CH, Chuang CK, Hsieh JJ, Chang JW: Targeted therapy and hand-foot skin reaction in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010, 9:459–470.PubMedCrossRef 2.

Especially for rectangular graphene films, the relationship between the load and the indentation depth is not clear. Furthermore, there are few papers available which describe the deformation mechanisms and dislocation activities of graphene film during the nanoindentation processes in detail. These investigations are concentrated on tension deformation [25–28] and shear deformation [29]. Almost all of the available Bafilomycin A1 in vivo literatures on dislocation activities in graphene focus on theoretical studies

and numerical simulations, including density functional theory (DFT) [26], tight-binding molecular dynamics (TBMD) [30], ab initio total energy calculation [30], and quantum mechanical computations [31]. Researchers always artificially applied defects or dislocations and then studied their effects on the properties and activities in graphene. However,

due to the bottleneck of experimental study at nanoscale, a very few experimental observations of dislocation activities are available at present. Warner et al. [32] also reported the observation of dislocation pairs through HRTEM experiments and gave five possible mechanisms that describe how these dislocation pairs could have formed, namely, during the CVD growth, electron beam sputtering of carbon dimers along a zigzag lattice direction, from surface adatom incorporation, from a monovacancy, CDK inhibitor review and from a Stone-Wales defect. They then concluded that edge dislocations result in substantial deformation of the atomic structure of graphene, with bond compression or elongation of ±27%, plus shear strain and lattice rotations. In this article, some MD simulations of nanoindentation experiments are performed on a set of single-layer rectangular graphene films with four clamped edges. The dislocation activities and the deformation mechanism are discussed, and a formula is introduced in order to describe the relationship of load and indentation depth and

to measure the mechanical properties of graphene. Methods In order Axenfeld syndrome to carry out the nanoindentation experiments, one check details diamond sphere was introduced to simulate the indenter. Figure  1a shows the origin model for the nanoindentation experiment. Here, the upper ball is the indenter and constructed by diamond, which is considered as a rigid object so that the atomic configuration of the diamond indenter had no changes during MD simulations. The lower plane is a single-layer rectangular graphene film with different aspect ratios. For the inner atoms of the indenter and the graphene film, the energy function was described by adaptive intermolecular reactive empirical bond order (AIREBO) potential.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and ESBL detection Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Bio-Rad, Marne la Coquette, France) according to the guidelines of the Comité de l’antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie.

The following antibiotics were tested: Pitavastatin molecular weight amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin, cephalotin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem, gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, nalidixic acid, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Suspected ESBLs were confirmed by the double-disk synergy test. E. coli ATCC 25922 and K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 were used as quality control strains. Fingerprinting analysis After DNA extraction by using the Qiagen Mini kit (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France), LCZ696 order JNK-IN-8 mouse repetitive extragenic palindromic (Rep-PCR) and Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR (ERIC-PCR) were performed with the rep-1R, rep-2 T and ERIC-2 primers, respectively,

as previously described [18]. Pattern profiles were considered different when at least one band differed. Molecular characterization of resistance genes DNA was extracted by the boiling method. ESBL-encoding genes were identified using specific primers for the bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTX-M and bla OXA genes, previously described [23], and followed by DNA sequencing. Other bla CTX-M-15-associated

antibiotic resistance genes (i.e., aac(6 ′ )-Ib, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, tetA, sul1 and sul2) were screened by PCR [24, 25]. All positive isolates for the aac(6 Protein tyrosine phosphatase ′ )-Ib gene were further analyzed by digesting the purified PCR products with BtsCI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) to identify aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr, which lacks the BtsCI restriction site present in the wild-type gene [26]. The upstream sequence of the bla CTX-M genes was explored by PCR and sequenced to detect ISEcp1. The integrase gene (int1) was detected by PCR using specific primers [27]. The variable region of each class 1 integron was amplified using specific primers for the 5′ conserved segment (5′CS) and 3′ conserved segment (3′CS) [27], and gene cassettes were sequenced. BlastN was used to compare the sequences obtained to those present in the GenBank database (http://​blast.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov). Resistance transfer assays Conjugations were carried out in trypticase soy broth (Bio-Rad), with E. coli J53-2 (pro, met, Rifr) as the recipient. Mating broths were incubated at 37°C for 18 hr. Transconjugants were selected on Drigalski agar plates (Bio-Rad) containing rifampicin (250 μg/ml) and cefotaxime (2.5 μg/ml). Transfer experiments using electroporation were performed for non-conjugative plasmids. Plasmid DNA from donors was extracted with a QIAGEN plasmid midi kit (QIAGEN, Courtaboeuf, France). Purified plasmids were used to transform E.

Although not a general feature, this intriguing phenomenon is observed in many human and experimental tumors. We have shown this particular behavior in the AKR lymphoma and B16 melanoma. Understanding

the mechanisms of this interesting phenomenon is of importance, particularly in view of the possibility that these mechanisms may eventually suggest modalities for age- adjusted anti- tumoral therapy. We have previously shown that one such mechanism is increased tumor cell apoptosis in the old animals. In the present study we tried to verify whether the induction of tumor cell apoptosis in the aged depends on the see more malignancy of the tumor. We

used variants of malignancy of the AKR lymphoma and tested the degree of apoptosis in young and old mice in several such variants. buy Linsitinib According to various cellular (Apoptag staining, DNA flow cytometry) and molecular (ladder type DNA fragmentation, Bcl-2, Fas receptor and caspase expression) characteristics of apoptotic cells, we found that tumor cell apoptosis was increased in tumors of old as compared to those of young mice in all variants. This age-dependent increased apoptosis was however inversely Pevonedistat cost proportional to AKR lymphoma malignancy. Our results may indicate that the inhibitory capacity of the old organism tumor microenvironment is limited by the aggressiveness of the tumor. We have previously found that low malignancy variants of AKR lymphoma are more prone to apoptosis than high malignancy variants. It is therefore expected that inducing tumor cell apoptosis as a therapeutic modality in the old can be more effective at early stages of tumor development than at late ones. Poster No. 144 Pre-Adipocytes and “Reorientated” Adipocytes Contribute

to the Desmoplastic Reaction in Breast Cancer: A New Link between Breast Cancer Selleck CHIR 99021 and Obesity? Ludivine Bochet 1,2,3 , Béatrice Dirat2,3, Stéphanie Dauvillier1, Christophe Roubeix1,3, Philippe Valet2,3, Catherine Muller1,3 1 Team Microenvironment, Cancer and Adipocytes (MICA), Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France, 2 Team AdipOlab, INSERM U858, I2MR, Toulouse, France, 3 Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France In a variety of tumours, such as breast carcinomas, a desmoplastic response, characterized by the presence of a dense collagenous stroma comprising fibroblast-like cells, is observed and is thought to contribute to tumour progression. Peritumoral fibroblasts are composed of several subpopulations that are morphologically undistinguishable and their origins remain debated.

The furnace was

then PKC inhibitor switched off and cooled down to room temperature. Figure 1 Controlled growth of quasi-1D ZnO nanowires. (a) Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus for growth of ZnO nanowires and (b) schematic illustration of growth mechanism for fabricating ZnO nanowire arrays. The morphologies and crystal structures of the resulting ZnO materials were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hitachi S-4300, Selleck GW786034 Hitachi Co., Tokyo, Japan) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (BEDE Scientific Inc., Centennial, CO, USA). The optical property was studied by photoluminescence (PL) measurement (Jobin Yvon Triax320, Horiba Ltd., Minami-ku, Kyoto, Japan). The 325-nm line of a He-Cd laser was used as an excitation light source for the PL measurement. Results and discussions Figure 2a

shows a typical SEM image of a PS nanosphere self-assembled monolayer on the substrate, indicating that a defectless region can be achieved. The ordering is reasonably good although point defects and stacking faults are observed in some areas, which may be produced by a variation in sphere size or process fluctuation. A closer examination presented in insert of Figure 2a Lazertinib purchase shows perfectly ordered arrays. The self-assembled arrays of PS spheres were then used to guide ZnO growth onto substrate. For this purpose, sol–gel-derived ZnO thin films were spin-coated onto the self-assembled monolayer structure. According to previous studies, the annealing temperature of 750°C was chosen

to be the post-thermal treatment parameter [21]. Due to the high liquidity Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase of ZnO precursor, this technique produces a honeycomb-like hexagonal ZnO pattern, as shown in Figure 2b. It is clear that the honeycomb-like arrangement of the sol–gel-derived ZnO pattern was preserved during the growth process. Figure 2c presents a tilted SEM image of the obtained quasi-1D ZnO nanowire arrays. Figure 2 SEM images. Schematic illustration of the strategy for fabricating patterned quasi-1D ZnO nanowire arrays. Bottom of (a) shows low-magnification SEM image of the self-assembled monolayer polystyrene spheres. Inset is the high-magnification SEM image. Bottom of (b) reveals top-view SEM image of sol–gel-derived ZnO thin film patterned by periodic nanospheres. Bottom of (c) shows tilt-view SEM image of quasi-1D ZnO nanowire arrays grown on ZnO buffer layer, where the hexagonal pattern is apparent. Figure 3 curve a shows the XRD pattern of sol–gel-derived ZnO thin films annealed at the temperatures of 750°C. The typical thickness of ZnO films is 200 nm, which was determined from the cross-sectional SEM images. The XRD spectra reveal that the ZnO films developed without the existence of secondary phases and clusters, and only the ZnO (002) diffraction plane is observed. The c-axis orientation in ZnO films might be due to a self-texturing mechanism as discussed by Jiang et al.[22].

In this paper, we first perform a thorough electromagnetic design based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) and finite-element method (FEM) for a-Si:H/μc-Si:H tandem TFSCs with a-Si:H layer nanopatterned as a 2D grating. see more Considering the dependence of the incident polarization and well engineering the key parameters of the 2D photonic crystal, we obtain the design with maximized absorption to the solar incidence. Our latest progress in simulating multi-junction SCs enables to look inside the microscopic charge

behaviors of the a-Si:H/μc-Si:H tandem cells so that the electrical response as well as the photocurrent matching degree of the SCs from optical design can then be evaluated in a precisely electrical way. To match the photocurrents between the junctions, a modified design with an intermediate layer is proposed. The optimized cell exhibits light-conversion efficiency up to 12.67%, which is enhanced by 27.72% over its planar counterpart.

Methods Figure  1a shows the diagram of the considered tandem TFSC under a superstrate configuration, which is composed of the glass substrate, SnO2:F top TCO, a-Si:H top junction grated by SiO2, μc-Si:H bottom junction, ZnO:Al bottom TCO, and rear silver (Ag) reflector. Λ x (Λ y ) and b x (b y ) are the pitch and grating width along x (y) direction, respectively, Anlotinib nmr and d g is the grating depth. The thicknesses of top and bottom TCOs are 600 and 80 nm, respectively, in order to ensure a satisfactory device conductivity. For the convenience of photocurrent match, we assume a planar system with the

thickness of a-Si:H (d aSi) [μc-Si:H layers (d ucSi)] to be 220 nm (1,700 nm). The PV materials are with fixed volumes under various nanodesigns, i.e., for a-Si:H layer d aSi Λ x Λ y  = b x b y d g , ensuring a fair evaluation of the device performance. Figure 1 Device and duty cycle optimization. (a) Schematic diagram of a-Si:H/μc-Si tandem TFSCs with a-Si:H layer nanopatterned into 2D grating; (b) maximal total current, max(J tot), as a function of duty cycle (b/Λ). Most optical simulations in this study are based on 2D RCWA, which considers the periodicities along both x and y directions and thus is very applicable for analyzing high-dimensionally GNAT2 periodic structures. To make sure the accuracy and reduce the time of computation, the first 11 diffraction modes are taken into account. It is especially useful for performing optimization task for periodic three-dimensional (3D) nanosystems through wide-range parametric sweep. ��-Nicotinamide in vitro However, RCWA does not give the full information for SCs, especially for those composed by multiple PV layers. Nevertheless, distinguishing the contribution from each PV layer is crucial for tandem SCs in order to score the photocurrent matching degree. Therefore, a complementing full-wave FEM method is used to obtain the detailed absorption information for the selected systems after initial RCWA designs.

Prof. ST is the director of the Kazakhstan Institute for Physics and Technology and is an innovator in new energy materials stemming from the application of microelectronics technologies. Besides his work in fuel cells, he also has significant efforts in novel solar cells. Prof. AxI is the director of the Center for Advanced Materials

at the University of Houston where he has research programs in energy materials, computational check details logic materials, and materials at the physical-biological interface. He has effectively applied thin film technologies to current problems in energy including increased efficiency and reduced cost for electrochemical energy conversion. Acknowledgements S3I-201 solubility dmso The authors wish to acknowledge the partial support for this work from the Institute of Physics and Technology, Almaty, Kazakhstan and the State of Texas through the Center for Advanced Materials, USA. References 1. Lynd LR, Cushman JH, Nichols RJ, Wyman CE: Fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass. Science 1991, 25:1318–1323.CrossRef 2. Wang MQ, Huang HS: A full fuel-cycle analysis of energy and emissions impacts of transportation

fuels produced from natural gas. 1999. http://​www.​transportation.​anl.​gov/​pdfs/​TA/​13.​pdf 3. Kordesch KV, Simader GR: Environmental impact of fuel cell technology. Chem Rev 1995,95(1):191–207.CrossRef 4. Boudghene Stambouli A, Traversa E: Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs): a review of an environmentally clean and efficient source of energy. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 2002,6(5):433–455.CrossRef 5. Chen X, Wu NJ, Smith L, Ignatiev A: Thin-film heterostructure

solid oxide fuel cells. App Phys Lett 2004, 84:2700.CrossRef 6. De Souza S, Visco SJ, De Jonghe LC: Thin-film solid oxide fuel cell with high performance at low-temperature. Solid State Ionics 1997,98(1–2):57–61.CrossRef 7. Ignatiev A, Chen X, Wu N, Lu Z, Smith L: Nanostructured thin solid oxide fuel cells with high power density. Dalton Trans 2008, 26:5501–5506.CrossRef 8. Zhu WZ, Deevi SC: A review on the status of anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Mat Sci Eng A 2003,362(1–2):228–239.CrossRef 9. Sasajima K, Uchida H: Conductive perovskite-type metal oxide thin films prepared by chemical selleck screening library solution deposition technique. Mat Sci Eng 2011, 18:092055–1-4. 10. Park J, Cho S, Hawthorne J: Electrochemical ROS1 induced pitting defects at gate oxide patterning. IEEE Trans Semicond Manuf 2013,26(3):315–318.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions RE and MY carried out the sample deposition and analysis, and helped to draft the manuscript. ArI conceived of the study and participated in its design. ST and AxI conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.