(C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUD: This study describes the construction of an electrochemical formaldehyde biosensor based on poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-3-methylthienyl methacrylate)/formaldehyde JQEZ5 nmr dehydrogenase/polypyrrole [poly(GMA-co-MTM)/FDH/PPy] composite film electrode. Formaldehyde dehydrogenase

(FDH) was chemically immobilized via the epoxy groups of the glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) side chain of the polymer. Formaldehyde measurements were conducted in 0.1 mol L1, pH 8 phosphate buffer solution (PBS) including 0.1 mol L1 KCl, 0.5 mmol L1 of NAD+ (cofactor of the enzyme) and 1 mmol L1 of 1,2-napthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt (NQS) as mediator with an applied potential of 0.23 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, 3 mol L1 NaCl). Analytical parameters of the biosensor were calculated and discussed. The biosensor was tested in rain water samples. RESULTS: Sensitivity was found to be 15 000 per mmol L1 (500

nA ppm1) in a linear range between 0.1 ppm and 3 ppm (3.3100 mu mol L1). A minimum detectable concentration of 4.5 ppb (0.15 mu mol L1) (S/N = 3) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.73% (n = 5) was obtained from the biosensor. Response time of the biosensor was very short, reaching 99% of its maximum response in about 4 s. The biosensor was also tested for formaldehyde measurements in rain water samples. Formaldehyde concentrations in samples were calculated using the proposed biosensor with recovery values ranged between 92.2 and 97.7% in comparison with the colorimetric Nash method. CONCLUSION: The poly(GMA-co-MTM)/FDH/PPy) Selleck Quisinostat electrode showed excellent measurement sensitivity in comparison with other formaldehyde biosensor studies.

Strong chemical bonding between the enzyme and the copolymer was created via the epoxy groups of the composite film. The proposed biosensor could be used successfully in rain waters without a pretreatment step. (c) 2012 Society of Chemical selleck chemicals llc Industry”
“Short-pulse high-current discharges in vacuum were investigated with the goal to maximize the ion charge state number. In a direct extension of previous work [G. Y. Yushkov and A. Anders, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 041502 (2008)], the role of pulse length, rate of current rise, and current amplitude was studied. For all experimental conditions, the usable (extractable) mean ion charge state could not be pushed beyond 7+. Instead, a maximum of the mean ion charge state (about 6+ to 7+ for most cathode materials) was found for a power of 2-3 MW dissipated in the discharge gap. The maximum is the result of two opposing processes that occur when the power is increased: (i) the formation of higher ion charge states and (ii) a greater production of neutrals (both metal and nonmetal), which reduces the charge state via charge exchange collisions.

These pathogens are important causes of hospital-and community-associated infections in children.

Methods: PubMed was searched for all English language articles on patients younger than 18 years of age treated with linezolid, and an analysis of these articles was performed.

Results: From the 133 articles retrieved, a total of 30 were studied (18 case reports, nine case series, and three clinical trials) based on the inclusion criteria preset for this review. In these articles, a total of 597 children received linezolid. MRSA was the most common pathogen, followed by VRE, PRSP, other bacteria and less common mycobacterial species. Linezolid was reported to be safe and effective for the treatment of

pneumonia and endocarditis, SNS-032 solubility dmso as well as skin and soft tissue, central nervous system and osteoarticular infections.

Conclusions: Linezolid is promising as a safe and efficacious agent for the treatment of infections due to mainly resistant Gram-positive

organisms in children who are unable to tolerate conventional agents or after treatment failure. (C) 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Large macromolecular assemblies are often important for biological processes in cells. Allosteric communications between different parts of these molecular machines play critical roles in cellular signaling. Although studies of the topology and fluctuation BMS-345541 research buy dynamics

of coarse-grained Smad phosphorylation residue networks can yield important insights, they do not provide characterization of the time-dependent dynamic behavior of these macromolecular assemblies. Here we develop a novel approach called Perturbation-based Markovian Transmission (PMT) model to study globally the dynamic responses of the macromolecular assemblies. By monitoring simultaneous responses of all residues (>8,000) across many (>6) decades of time spanning from the initial perturbation until reaching equilibrium using a Krylov subspace projection method, we show that this approach can yield rich information. With criteria based on quantitative measurements of relaxation half-time, flow amplitude change, and oscillation dynamics, this approach can identify pivot residues that are important for macromolecular movement, messenger residues that are key to signal mediating, and anchor residues important for binding interactions. Based on a detailed analysis of the GroEL-GroES chaperone system, we found that our predictions have an accuracy of 71-84% judged by independent experimental studies reported in the literature. This approach is general and can be applied to other large macromolecular machineries such as the virus capsid and ribosomal complex.”
“Background: Diphtheria (D), tetanus (T), pertussis (P), hepatitis B (HepB), invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and measles cause substantial global morbidity and mortality.

The patient presented with swelling

and deformity of the upper and middle third of the left thigh. The diagnosis was confirmed clinico-radiologically and the patient was treated with hindquarter amputation and chemotherapy. The patient died of sepsis and extensive bedsores one month after surgery.

Conclusions: Orthopedic surgeons should be alert to this morbid condition and this disease should be suspected in cystic lesions affecting any organ of the body in pathological fractures with nonunion, Selleckchem BI-2536 especially in endemic areas of the world. Early diagnosis helps in eradication and salvage of the bone; misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis are always fraught with the danger of amputation, recurrence, and sepsis. (C) 2009 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A rapid and simple method for the determination of sialic acid (Neu5Ac) of yak milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) by HPLC with a diode array detector was developed and validated. Samples were cleaned up just by hydrolysis and derivatization before HPLC analysis. Separation was achieved with an Agilent TC-C18

column. The method showed a good linearity (r=0.997), the sensitivity results showed that the limits of detection and limits of quantification PR 171 for sialic acid were 10.0 and 21.0 mu g/mL, respectively. The recovery of Neu5Ac was 95-97%. The method proved very simple and rapid for Neu5Ac analysis since separation was completely achieved at 12 min.”
“Asymmetric structural foams were prepared by compression molding to study the flexural Selleck YM155 properties of these sandwich structures with different layer thickness. It was found that the flexural properties of asymmetric structural foams are function of load direction. Since the bending behavior is a combination of tension and compression, the stress distribution across the foam core plays a key role in describing their bending properties. The experimental results show that the compression modulus of integral foams is lower

than its tensile modulus. Based on this information, a model is proposed to predict the flexural properties of asymmetric structural foams based on stress distribution. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 3103-3112, 2009″
“Mycobacterium celatum, a slow-growing acid-fast bacillus, is an uncommon cause of human infection, mainly occurring in patients with AIDS. Rarely, infections restricted to the lung and lymph nodes have been reported in immunocompetent hosts. We report herein a case of M. celatum pulmonary infection that mimicked pulmonary tuberculosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. The literature was reviewed and clinical features of eight HIV-negative patients with M. celatum infection are discussed. The clinical presentation of M.

Because of the growing misuse and diversion of controlled substances, caution should be used when prescribing opioids, even for short-term treatment. Patients should be advised to properly dispose of unused medications. (Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(11):766-772. Copyright (C) 2013 American Academy of Family Physicians.)”
“In naturally fertilized embryos of various organisms, the spermatozoon provides a localized cue to initiate early embryonic patterning. In mice, the sperm entry point (SEP) may reorient the first cleavage division, which separates the zygote into two halves that follow distinct fates. However, it is unknown whether the mechanical injection

of spermatozoa into an oocyte by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), a technique commonly used in human assisted reproduction, possesses such a role. Rhesus macaque embryos fertilized by ICSI were examined in order to determine the consequences of placing the spermatozoon at specific positions in Selleckchem AZD8931 the ooplasm and whether this can provide new information about patterning in mammalian eggs. The SEP specified by the injected spermatozoa was most often localized near the first cleavage plane and was mainly distributed along the boundary zone that separates the embryonic and abembryonic parts of the monkey blastocyst. Moreover, the ICSI data, when compared with naturally fertilized mouse embryos, showed a similar outcome in terms of

cleavage axes and first embryonic axis specification. As there are no studies MK-0518 to date regarding sperm entry in this website human oocytes and its influence on embryonic development, this investigation using the rhesus macaque as a clinical model is noteworthy.”
“OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effectiveness of a postoperative levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for relieving pelvic pain in patients with endometriosis.

METHODS: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in 55 patients with endometriosis and moderate-to-severe dysmenorrhea (visual analog scale, greater than 50 mm) undergoing laparoscopic conservative surgery. After surgery, patients

were randomized to a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (n=28) or expectant management (n=27) group. Primary outcome was the change of dysmenorrhea visual analog scale. Secondary outcomes included changes of pelvic pain and dyspareunia visual analog scale, Short Form-36 score, and adverse effects.

RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in age, body mass index, parity, and baseline pain scores. At 12 months, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system group had a significantly lower median value of dysmenorrhea and noncyclic pelvic pain score. Compared with the control group, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system group had greater reduction in dysmenorrhea visual analog scale (-81.0 compared with -50.0 mm, P=.006) and pelvic pain visual analog scale (-48.5 compared with -22.0 mm, P=.038) but a comparable reduction in dyspareunia visual analog scale (-15.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study of 30 patients with diabetes and periodontal disease and 30 healthy subjects. Diabetic patients were treated with topical application of melatonin (1% orabase cream formula)

once daily Raf inhibitor for 20 days and controls with a placebo formulation.

Results: Before treatment with melatonin, diabetic patients showed significantly higher mean salivary levels of alkaline and acid phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin than healthy subjects (P < 0.01). After treatment with melatonin, there was a statistically significant decrease of the gingival index (15.84 +/- 10.3 vs 5.6 +/- 5.1) and pocket depth (28.3 +/- 19.5 vs 11.9 +/- 9.0) (P < 0.001). Also, use of melatonin was associated with a significant reduction of the four biomarkers. Changes of salivary acid phosphatase and osteopontin correlated significantly with changes in the gingival index, whereas changes of alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin correlated significantly with changes in the pocket depth.

Conclusions: Treatment with topical melatonin was click here associated with an improvement in the gingival index and pocket depth, a reduction in salivary concentrations of

acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin.”
“A new alkaloid, chaerophylline (1), together with known alkaloids (-)-corypalmine, berberine chloride, (-)-isocorypalmine, (-)-corydalmine and (+)-bicuculline have been isolated from the crude base fraction of Corydalis chaerophylla. The crude base fractions of Corydalis

longipes gave a new alkaloid, longicine (4), together with known alkaloids ()–hydrastine, ()–hydrastine, N-methylhydrasteine hydroxylactam, 1-methoxyberberine chloride and berberinium hydroxide. These alkaloids are reported for the first time from the above species and their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic evidence.”
“In a farm of grandparent broiler breeder chickens, we followed https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nutlin-3.html the development of 350 roosters from 6 to 55weeks of age. Data collected and evaluated from these males included body weight, testicular weight, histologic and immunohistochemistry studies of the testes, hormone levels (testosterone, estradiol and corticosterone) and sperm production. The objective was to understand the factors that affect or influence hatch loss that is commonly observed after 45weeks of age in breeder flocksare often correlated to broiler breeder male chickens. The results of this study showed that in conjunction with the weight of the rooster, the testicle weight increases quickly after the rooster receives light stimulation. At an older age, the study showed that there is a process of testicular shrinkage, and the same effect is seen in sperm production and testosterone levels in broiler breeder roosters. From the histology evaluation, we defined 5 histologic phases that illustrate the evolution of the testicular tissue: perinatal, infantile, puberty, adult and senile.

In the exercise group, there were significant improvements between pre-exercise and post-exercise

assessments in BASFI (2.8 +/- 1,8; 1.7 +/- 1,40, p = 0.004) and BASDAI scores (2.1 +/- 1.7; 1.2 +/- 1.3, p = 0.01). Mean TAS levels were significantly decreased after supervised exercise program (1.48 +/- 0.16 mmol/L; 1.36 +/- 0.20 mmol/L, p = 0.03). In the control group, BASFI score (2.4 +/- 1.7; 2.9 Saracatinib +/- 2.1, p = 0.19), BASDAI score (2.6 +/- 2.2; 3.1 +/- 2.6, p = 0.33), and mean TAS levels (1.38 +/- 0.23 mmol/L; 1.39 +/- 0.20 mmol/L, p = 0.66) did not differ significantly between 0 and 3 weeks. Short-term, supervised exercise program improved functional status and decreased disease activity. However, the mechanism of this beneficial clinical effect does not seem to be through antioxidant activity.”
“Tanshinone LY2606368 IIA (Tan IIA), a natural product from herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has potential anti-tumor activity. The aim of this study was to pinpoint the molecular mechanisms underlying Tan IIA-induced cancer cell apoptosis. Human hepatoma BEL-7402 cells treated with Tan IIA underwent assessment with MTT assay for cell viability, 10-day culture for colony formation, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy for apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. Changes

in intracellular [Ca2+] and mitochondrial membrane potential (a dagger psi) reflected the calcium-dependent apoptosis pathway. RT-PCR was used to detect gene expression of Bad and metallothionein 1A (MT 1A). Cytotoxicity of Tan IIA was tested in human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (HAMCs). Tan IIA exhibited dose-dependent and time-dependent anticancer effects on BEL-7402 cells through apoptosis and G(0)/G(1) arrest. Cells treated with Tan IIA increased their intracellular calcium, decreased their mitochondrial membrane potential and induced Bad and MT 1A mRNA expression. No adverse effects of Tan IIA were found in HAMCs. In conclusion, these results indicate

that Tan IIA-induced ASP2215 price cancer cell apoptosis acts via activation of calcium-dependent apoptosis signaling pathways and upregulation of MT 1A expression.”
“Three-dimensional atom-probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy have been utilized to study the effects of Ta getter presputtering and either a Mg or Ru free-layer cap on the elemental distributions and properties of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions after annealing. Annealing the samples resulted in crystallization of the amorphous CoFeB layer and diffusion of the majority of the boron away from the crystallized CoFeB layers. The Ta getter presputter is found to reduce the segregation of boron at the MgO/CoFeB interface after annealing, improving the tunneling magnetoresistance of the tunnel junction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CRT with or without reverse anatomical remodeling of the left ventricle on defibrillation threshold (DFT) levels in a prospective and consecutive group of patients with class II-IV systolic heart failure.

Methods: Study population selleck chemicals llc consisted of 29 patients (14 women and 15 men; mean age 61 +/- 11 years old). All patients underwent baseline (within 24-hours of cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator [CRT-D] implantation) and 6-month follow-up DFT testing. Reverse anatomical remodeling of the left ventricle was defined as =

15% reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume at the end of 6 months of follow-up compared to baseline.

Results: Baseline, average DFT was 8.8 +/- 5.9 J. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was the only predictor of baseline DFT level (P = 0.02) among the baseline demographics. Safety margin of at least 10 J was achieved in all patients. Average DFT at the end of 6 months of biventricular

pacing was A-1155463 9.2 +/- 6.9 J. One patient (3.4%) failed to have a safety margin of 10 J. Reverse anatomical remodeling was observed in 14 (48%) patients and did not have any effect on DFT level. There were no complications related to DFT testings.

Conclusions: Baseline average DFT in patients undergoing CRT-D was = 10 J in our study. CRT-D with or without anatomical reverse remodeling does not affect DFT at the end of 6 months of follow-up. High DFT level at the end of 6 months of follow-up is rare (3.4%) among patients with current CRT-D devices.

(PACE 2012; 35: 416-421)”
“The effect of aqueous leaf and berry extracts of Phytolacca dioica administered at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 days was investigated on haematology and weight parameters of Wistar rats. The extracts at all doses had no significant effect on the red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (HB), parked cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) when compared with the animals in the control group. find more In contrast, the extracts at all doses caused a progressive significant reduction in the serum levels of platelets, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils and monocytes. Also, there was dose-dependent significant increase in the serum levels of lymphocytes and a reduction in the level of eosinophils. Administration of the extracts at all doses investigated led to a significant reduction in the body weight, absolute organ weight and organ-body weight ratio. These observable alterations in some parameters were indications that the leaf and berry extracts of P. dioica possess slight toxicity. Therefore, the crude extracts from the leaf and berry may not be completely safe as oral remedies.

Some of these cephalosporin derivatives showed good in vitro activity against methicillin sensible strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MSCoNS). Particularly effective were the compounds carrying a 3-(2′-chlorophenyl)-2-propenoyl or 2-methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenoyl moiety at 7 beta-position, both with an antibacterial potency close to cefazoline and higher than cefuroxime. All the synthesized cephalosporins were inactive against methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MRCoNS).”
“Background: Left ventricular (LV) remodeling is a prognostically important development after acute myocardial infarction

(AM!). We recently reported that vascular ABT-737 research buy endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB) may be a potential new biomarker of LV remodeling. This potential biomarker was evaluated in the present study.

Methods and Results: Patients with AMI GSK126 in vivo (n = 290) and healthy volunteers (n = 42) were included. Plasma VEGFB levels were assessed before discharge. LV remodeling was determined by echocardiography at 6 months’ follow-up. Levels of VEGFB were elevated in AMI patients compared with healthy volunteers (1.5-fold; P = .001). Mean plasma levels of VEGFB were 64% higher (P < .001) in patients in whom LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) decreased during follow-up (Delta EDV <= 0; n = 144; reverse remodeling)

compared with patients in whom Delta EDV increased (Delta EDV > 0; n = 146; remodeling). Using logistic regression models, independent relationships were found between VEGFB (odds ratio [OR] 0.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7-0.9; P = .0007) and infarct territory (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8; P = .02). Patients with anterior MI and low levels of VEGFB had the highest risk of remodeling. VEFGB outperformed N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide to predict LV remodeling, and low Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor levels of VEGFB

(<100 pg/mL) provided a specificity of 90%. Adding VEGFB to a clinical model involving age, sex, smoking habit, and infarct territory resulted in a net reclassification index of 11.7%.

Conclusions: Plasma levels of VEGFB increase after AMI and correlate with preservation of cardiac function. Low levels of VEGFB accurately predict LV remodeling. Therefore, circulating VEGFB may have clinical utility in the identification of patients at high risk of remodeling after AMI. (J Cardiac Fail 2012;18:330-337)”
“Study Design. Literature review.

Objective. To provide a current overview of congenital scoliosis and associated conditions.

Summary of Background Data. The etiology of congenital scoliosis is unknown. A variety of factors have been implicated in the development of vertebral abnormalities. These factors provide clues to the origin of congenital scoliosis.

Methods. A search of PubMed, using the keywords congenital scoliosis, etiology, and genetics was performed.

Results.

Duration of tracheostomy tube ranged from 10 to 19 months, mean 13 months.

Seventy percent (48 patients) required supplementary feeding in the form of nasogastric (NC) or gastrostomy tube. Forty-four patients were successfully managed with a temporary NC tube. One patient required a prolonged NC tube, and three required GW4869 manufacturer a gastrostomy tube. Twenty-one (30%) patients were successfully managed with a specialised Haberman bottle. Twenty-four patients (35%) who had their airway managed successfully by positional therapy, still required supplemental feeding.

Thirty-one patients (45%) demonstrated a conductive hearing loss at some stage, which affected their speech and language development. Twenty-four

patients (35%) required tympanostomy tube insertion once, while 7 (10%) of patients required ventilation tube insertion twice or more.

Conclusion: Airway management in the majority of PRS can be successfully achieved by conservative methods. Even in the presence of an adequate airway, many patients will require supplemental feeding. Early audiological assessment is necessary as many patients will need tympanostomy tube

placement to ensure adequate speech and language development. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“OBJECTIVE: To determine whether curcumin reverses the multidrug resistance of human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS: In a vincristine-resistant cell line of human 4SC-202 molecular weight colon cancer, the cell viability of curcumin-treated cells was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Rhodamine123 efflux BX-795 was evaluated to detect P-glycoprotein transporter activity,

and expression of the multidrug resistance protein 1 and survivin genes was analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. In addition, xenograft mouse tumors were grown and treated with curcumin. The morphology of the xenografts was investigated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The in vivo expression of the multidrug resistance gene and P-glycoprotein and survivin genes and proteins was observed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively.

RESULTS: Curcumin was not obviously toxic to the vincristine-resistant human colon cancer cells at concentrations less than 25 mu M, but the growth of cells was significantly inhibited. At concentrations greater than 25 mu M, curcumin was toxic in a concentration-dependent manner. The sensitivity of cells to vincristine, cisplatin, fluorouracil, and hydroxycamptothecin was enhanced, intracellular Rhodamine123 accumulation was increased (p<0.05), and the expression of the multidrug resistance gene and P-glycoprotein were significantly suppressed (p<0.05). The combination of curcumin and vincristine significantly inhibited xenograft growth.

METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 298 patients with CADR admitted to a tertiary dermatology ward in Cape Town, South Africa.

RESULTS: TB-associated CADR was diagnosed in 65 of 298 patients. Of these, 60/65 (92%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected (median CD4 count 107 cells/mm(3)). Anti-tuberculosis drugs were reintroduced in 46/65 (71%) patients, of whom 23/46 (50%) developed re-introduction selleck reactions. The most frequent re-introduction reactions were itch in 11/23 (48%) and hepatitis in 9/23 (39%) patients. Of the 23 re-introduction reactions, 13 (57%) were mild, six (26%) moderate and four (26%) severe. Among those with reintroduction reactions, rifampicin (RMP)

was the offending drug in 13/23 (57%), isoniazid in 5/23(22%), pyrazinamide in 3/23 (13%), and ethambutol, streptomycin and ofloxacin each in 1/23 (4%) cases. Lack of previous TB treatment and re-challenge with RMP were independently associated with the likelihood of reintroduction reactions.

CONCLUSIONS: In this high TB burden setting, although re-introduction reactions are common, the majority are non-life-threatening. All first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs can cause CADR, and RMP is more commonly implicated than previously reported. These data guide the management of anti-tuberculosis drug-associated CADR

in high HIV prevalence settings.”
“In spite of the general concept that herbal supplements are safe, there is a selleck products lack of appropriate quality control measures and regulations that often culminates in serious undesirable effects such as allergic reactions and renal and liver damage. Thus, there is a growing need to establish a suitable methodology that enables authentication and quality assurance of herbal

products. The root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae), commonly called ginseng, is traditionally recognized as a prominent herbal medicine in Far East Asia. There are two SIS3 in vivo types of processed ginseng, white and red ginseng, based on processing methods, and these play a significant role in modifying ginsenosides, which are the major bioactive metabolites in these products. Herein we purify and characterize a new ginsenoside, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rf, utilizing NMR, UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and validate the metabolite is generated from its epimer, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rf during the steaming process to manufacture red ginseng. We further propose a relevant mechanism for the chemical conversion. This finding updates chemical profiling of ginseng products that can be employed in quality assurance and authentication. (C) 2013 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: To our knowledge, there has been no prospective study on the results of arthroscopic repair of superior labrum-biceps anchor complex (SLAP) tears with use of modern techniques.