The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare surgical treatment and conservative treatment with regard to the rerupture rate, the overall rate of other complications, return to work, calf circumference, and functional outcomes, as well as to examine the effects of early range of motion on the rerupture rate.

Methods: A literature search,

data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted by two independent reviewers. Publication bias was assessed with use of the Egger and Begg tests. Heterogeneity was assessed with use of the 12 test, and fixed or random-effect models were used accordingly. Pooled results were expressed as risk ratios, risk differences, and weighted or standardized mean differences, as appropriate. Meta-regression was employed to identify causes of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess the effect of early range of motion.

Results: Momelotinib order Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. If functional rehabilitation GSK1120212 with early range of motion was employed, rerupture rates were equal for surgical and nonsurgical patients (risk difference = 1.7%, p = 0.45). If such

early range of motion was not employed, the absolute risk reduction achieved by surgery was 8.8% (p = 0.001 in favor of surgery). Surgery was associated with an absolute risk increase of 15.8% (p = 0.016 in favor of nonoperative management) for complications other than rerupture. Surgical patients returned to work 19.16 days sooner (p = 0.0014). There was no significant difference between the two treatments with regard to calf circumference (p = 0.357), strength (p = 0.806), or functional outcomes (p = 0.226).

Conclusions: The results of the meta-analysis demonstrate that conservative treatment should be considered at centers using functional rehabilitation. This resulted in rerupture rates similar to those for surgical treatment while offering the advantage of a decrease in other complications. Surgical repair should be preferred at centers that do not employ early-range-of-motion protocols as it decreased the rerupture risk in such patients.”
“Eight strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, 6 strains

of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus PF-04929113 clinical trial acidophilus LA-5, and Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 were screened for p-glucosidase activity. We then proceeded to investigate the enzymatic potential of selected strains for bioconversion of delphinidin and malvidin glycosides to their metabolites. L plantarum and L casei strains showed the highest cell-envelope associated beta-glucosidase activity. Intracellular P-glucosidase activity from B. lactis BB-12 was up to 287-fold higher than that of the other strains. The L acidophilus strain showed low beta-glucosidase activity, both, intra and extracellularly. No aglycons were detected in bacterial extract reactions with anthocyanin glycosides. Delphinidin-3-glucoside underwent chemical degradation to form mainly gallic acid, although delphinidin-3-glucoside degradation due to B.

Compared to a mechanical trapping, such electric trapping is fully reversible (on/off handling). The DEP force is contactless and thus eases the release of the produced hybridoma. Moreover, the absence of wire connections on the pads permits the high density trapping and electrofusion of cells. In this

paper, the electric field mapping, the effect of metallic pads thickness, and the transmembrane potential of cells are studied based on a numerical model to optimize the device. Electric calculations and experiments selleck chemicals llc were conducted to evaluate the trapping force. The structure was finally validated for cell pairing and electrofusion of arrays of cells. We believe that our approach of fully electric trapping with a simple structure is a promising method for massive production selleck compound of electrofused hybridoma. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“Background: Major modifications in the design and techniques of total ankle replacement have challenged the perception that ankle arthrodesis is the treatment of choice for end-stage ankle arthritis. High complication and revision rates have been reported after both procedures.

Methods: We performed radiographic evaluations at a mean of thirty-nine months following 114 total

ankle replacements done with use of commonly used implants and at a mean of thirty-seven months following forty-seven ankle arthrodeses. The mean age was sixty-four years for the patients (fifty-one female and sixty-three male) who underwent total ankle replacement and fifty-nine years in the patients (fifteen female and thirty-two male) who underwent ankle arthrodesis.

The impact of complications was analyzed with use of the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS), a validated outcome instrument.

Results: Both groups had significant improvement in the mean AOS score (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean improvement between the two groups (p = 0.96). The complication rate was 54% following total ankle replacement and 26% following ankle https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ferrostatin-1-fer-1.html arthrodesis, which was a significant difference (p = 0.003). The impact of major complications on the AOS outcome score was significant in both the total ankle replacement group (p = 0.031) and the ankle arthrodesis group (p = 0.02).

Conclusions: At the time of follow-up, at a minimum of two years postoperatively, the outcomes of total ankle replacement and ankle arthrodesis, with regard to pain relief and function, were comparable. While the rate of complications was significantly higher following total ankle replacement, the impact of complications on outcome was clinically relevant in both groups.”
“In tetragonally distorted Fe0.5Co0.

Tau mutations found in frontotemporal dementia apparently promote its abnormal hyperphosphorylation. Thus, the AD abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau (1) is distinguishable from both normal and transiently hyperphosphorylated taus, and (2) is inhibitory when in a cytosolic/oligomeric state but not when SB525334 ic50 it is self-assembled into PHF/SF. Inhibition of abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau offers a promising therapeutic target for AD and related tauopathies.”
“PURPOSE: To study the long-term effects of phacoemulsification

with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in nonglaucomatous and glaucomatous eyes.

SETTING: Phillips Eye Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and private practice, Savannah, Georgia, USA.

METHODS: Intraocular pressure (IOP) after phacoemulsification with IOL implantation was retrospectively reviewed. Eyes were divided into 5 groups by preoperative IOP. Data were recorded preoperatively, 1 year postoperatively, and at the final check. Analysis included preoperative IOP versus IOP at 1 year and final IOP, percentage of eyes with elevated or reduced IOP postoperatively, patient age at surgery, and years of postoperative follow-up.

RESULTS: The study comprised 124 eyes. The final mean IOP reduction was 8.5 mm Hg (34%) in the 29 to 23 mm Hg group, this website 4.6 mm Hg (22%) in the 22 to 20 mm Hg group, 3.4 mm Hg (18%) in the 19 to 18 mm Hg group, and 1.1 mm Hg (10%) in the 17 to 15 mm Hg group. LCL161 molecular weight In the 14 to

5 mm Hg group, IOP increased by 1.7 mm Hg (15%).

CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular pressure reduction was proportional to preoperative IOP; the highest preoperative IOPs decreased the most and the lowest increased slightly. One-year IOP reductions were sustained for 10 years and were similar in patients of all ages. The IOP reductions were similar to previously reported reductions in nonglaucomatous eyes, indicating that the aging crystalline lens may be a major cause of ocular hypertension and glaucoma and that phacoemulsification with IOL implantation may help prevent and treat adult glaucoma. J Cataract Refract Surg

2009; 35:1946-1955 (C) 2009 ASCRS and ESCRS”
“Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an emerging technique for the treatment of genital human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced benign and premalignant lesions. We report herein a case series of anogenital CA successfully treated with ALA-PDT and review the literature available to date on this topic. Thirteen out of 14 cases of anogenital condylomata acuminata were successfully treated with topical PDT. We conclude that PDT can be considered a highly effective and safe treatment option for anogenital condylomata acuminata. Also, considering the available literature, the best results are likely to be achieved with a 16-20% gel formulation of 5-ALA and a red light dose of 100-150 J/cm(2). (C) 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright (C) 2011, Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. selleck chemicals llc The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of hydrodynamic and ultrasonic-activated irrigation to conventional syringe irrigation in removing dentin debris in straight and curved root canals.

Study design. Twelve human teeth were selected for study. The root canals of 6 single-rooted premolars with straight canals and 6 molar roots with curved canals were prepared

to a size of 45 and split longitudinally. To simulate canal irregularities, 3 standardized holes were cut in 1 canal wall. The canals and holes were then covered with debris. After reassembly, 3 irrigation techniques were compared: syringe irrigation, hydrodynamic irrigation, and ultrasonic irrigation. The amount of debris that remained was evaluated microscopically and graded with a 4-score system.

Results. The hydrodynamic and ultrasonic irrigation buy IPI-549 techniques were significantly (P < .001) more efficient as compared with syringe irrigation in both the straight and curved root canals. Ultrasonic irrigation demonstrated a higher efficiency in the straight root canals (P < .01), whereas hydrodynamic irrigation was more efficient in the curved canals (P < .01).

Conclusions. In the straight canals, ultrasonic irrigation was the

most effective, but in the curved root canals, hydrodynamic irrigation was superior. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;111:529-534)”
“Coxiella burnetii and Brucella abortus are two intracellular bacteria implicated in zoonotic miscarriage. In the present study, C. burnetii and B. abortus seroprevalence was compared among women from London with and

without miscarriage. Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence was high (4.6%, 95% CI 2.8-7.1) despite the rare apparent exposure of this urban population. Only two patients exhibited anti-B. abortus antibodies. As a result of the risk of chronic Q fever with endocarditis and/or hepatitis, the mode of Coxiella burnetii infection in this population merits further investigation.”
“Background and aim: The effect of soy isoflavones on blood pressure is controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary soy isoflavones on SN-38 purchase blood pressure.

Methods and Results: Trials were searched in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase and references cited in related reviews and studies. A total of eleven trials were reviewed. Meta-analysis results showed a mean decrease of 2.5 mm Hg (95% CIs, – 5.35 to 0.34 mm Hg; P = 0.08) for systolic blood pressure and 1.5 mm Hg (95% CIs, – 3.09 to 0.17 mm Hg; P = 0.08) for diastolic blood pressure in the soy isoflavones-treated group compared to placebo. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses indicated that blood pressure status was a significant predictor of heterogeneity for the effect of soy isoflavones on blood pressure.

Results: Multiplex

ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis using SALSA P088-B1 for the analysis of the 1p/19q allelic constitution in a pediatric anaplastic (oligodendro) glioma showed homozygous find more co deletion for markers: TNFRSF4 (located at 1p36.33), TP73 (1p36.32), PPAP2B (1pter-p22.1), DPYD (1p21.3), and PDCD5 (19q13.12), and hemizygous deletion of BAX (19q13.3-q13.4). No sequence changes for R132 and R172 of the IDH1/2 genes were identified.

Conclusions: The molecular findings in this pediatric anaplastic glioma do not allow for a clearly definitive pathological diagnosis. However, the findings provide data on a number of 1p/19q genomic regions that, because of homozygotic deletion, might be the location of genes that are important for the development and clinical evolution of some malignant gliomas in”
“Small blood pressure (BP) elevations may occur post kidney donation. This prospective study determined 24-h ambulatory BP (ABP) and other cardiovascular risk factor changes in 51 living donors over 12 months postdonation. Donors also provided 24-h urine collections for monitoring protein and creatinine clearance, 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), and fasting lipids.

Nondipping was defined as night-day systolic (SBP) ratio >= 0.9. Baseline and 12-month pre to postdonation comparisons were made both for dippers and nondippers. Of 51 donors, 35 were dippers and 16 nondippers. In these two groups, predonation 24-h SBP were 115.2 +/- 8 and 115.6 +/- 10 mmHg; serum creatinine (SCr) 69.3 +/- 12 and 71.1 +/- 13 mu mol/l; and 24-h urine buy NCT-501 protein 0.12 +/- 0.05 and 0.09 +/- 0.03 g (all P = NS) while at 12 months, 24-h SBP were 111.4 +/- 11 and 114.3 +/- 8 mmHg (P = 0.384), SCr 97.9 +/- 16 and 97.7 +/- 21 mu mol/l (P = 0.810); and 24-h urine protein 0.139 +/- 0.09 see more and 0.111 +/- 0.07 g/d (P = 0.360) respectively. The 24-h SBP was significantly lower in the dippers at 12 months as compared with

predonation (P = 0.036). OGTT and lipid profiles remained normal in both groups. Predonation nocturnal nondipping does not carry adverse postdonation consequences over 12 months.”
“We present fault tolerant properties of various quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) devices. Effects of temperatures and dot displacements on the operation of the fundamental devices such as a binary wire, logical gates, a crossover, and an exclusive OR (XOR) have been investigated. A Hubbard-type Hamiltonian and intercellular Hartree approximation have been used for modeling, and a uniform random distribution has been implemented for the defect simulations. The breakdown characteristics of all the devices are almost the same except the crossover. Results show that the success of any device is significantly dependent on both the fabrication defects and temperatures.

Lastly, our model shows good agreement with lineage-specific receptor expression kinetics from microarray experiments and provides a computational framework that can integrate both classical and alternative commitment paths in hematopoiesis that have been observed

experimentally.”
“Monofunctional initiators are extensively used in free radical HSP990 polymerization. To enhance productivity, a higher temperature is usually used; however, this leads to lower molecular weights. Bifunctional initiators can increase the polymerization rate without decreasing the average molecular weight and this can be desirable. A bifunctional initiator is an important issue to Selleckchem Volasertib be investigated, and it is of great interest to industries. The objective of this work is to study polymerization reactions with mono- and bi-functional initiators through comprehensive mathematical models. Polystyrene is considered as case study. This work collects and presents some experimental data available in literature for polymerization using two different types of bifunctional initiators. Model

prediction showed good agreement with experimental data. It was observed that the initial initiator concentration has a huge impact on the efficiency of initiators with functionality bigger than one and high concentrations Apoptosis inhibitor of bifunctional initiator make the

system behave as if it were a system operating with monofunctional initiator. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 2803-2816, 2010″
“Vinegars elaborated from white wine can be characterized by their phenolic composition. Indeed, for authenticity purpose, phenolic composition can be used to identify Sherry and Balsamic vinegars. However, the phenolic composition of red wine vinegars has scarcely been studied. Anthocyanin compounds in particular remain largely unknown. This study focuses on the analysis of anthocyanin compounds in red wine vinegar and the effect of acetification with submerged culture on such vinegars.

The vinegar used in this study was produced from a young Cabernet Sauvignon wine in a laboratory-scale fermenter. Subsequent analyses of both wine and vinegar included their anthocyanin profile (by LC/MS), and their non-anthocyanin phenolic profile (by LC/DAD). In addition, wine and vinegar anthocyanin extracts were fractionated by CCC to determine the contribution of the fractions to overall antioxidant activity (AA), using ORAC, FRAP and DPPH assays.

A total of 20 anthocyanin compounds were identified in the vinegar. As far as we know, this is the first time that anthocyanin-derived pigments (pyranoanthocyanins and ethyl-linked compounds) have been identified in red vinegar in such detail.

No significant association was shown between activating mutations and clinicopathologic parameters, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-2206.html but the frequencies of silent mutations in recurrent tumors were higher than those in primary tumors (p = 0.034). Conclusions: COLD-PCR is a highly sensitive, reliable, and convenient clinical assay for mutation detection. The adoption of the method is straightforward and requires no additional reagents or instruments. Silent mutations might be important genomic alterations in bladder cancer, and play a role in bladder cancer recurrence. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger

AG, Basel”
“The relaxation dynamics of the primary alpha and secondary beta processes in Nd65Fe15Co10Al10 bulk metallic glass has been investigated by using low-frequency mechanical spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray diffraction. From the shift of internal friction peaks by the frequency change, the activation energy of beta relaxation (E-beta) is found to be about 1.01 eV, and a correlation between E-beta and glass transition temperature (T-g) is found E-beta approximate to 24

RTg, indicating that the beta relaxation is intrinsic in metallic glasses. According to the coupling model, the uncoupled activation energy of alpha relaxation (E-alpha*) is found to be about 1.38 eV, still larger than the value of E-beta corresponding to a simple Debye relaxation process. The possible mechanism and the connection between alpha and beta relaxations LY2835219 are discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3595689]“
“Introduction:

Prostate size and function are regulated KPT-8602 datasheet by testosterone. However, the progesterone receptor is expressed in the primate prostate. Progestins affect the prostate by endocrine suppression, but can also act directly. Examining the role of progestins, we studied the effects of norethisterone (NET) on testosterone undecanoate (TU)-induced prostate growth in castrated macaques. Materials and Methods: Two groups (n = 6 for each group) received TU every 9 weeks. Using a crossover setting, group I received norethisterone enanthate (NETE) 3 times at 3-week intervals, while group II received placebo. After 9 weeks, placebo was administered to group I, and group II received NETE. Results: In group II, the prostate grew under TU and placebo over the first period. In group I, coadministered with NETE, the increase was lower. After the crossover, prostates of animals previously treated with NETE did not increase to normal values under placebo. Prostates of animals treated with TU and placebo in the first period shrank following NETE administration after the crossover. The long half-life of NET can explain the lack of a TU effect on animals coadministered with NETE after the crossover.

e. catalyzing reactions of environmental importance, has attracted great attention for applied microbiologists

and biochemical engineers. In this review, recent advances in the application of methanotrophs to environmental bioengineering are summarized, including biodiversity, catalytic properties, and cultivation, etc. We have focused on two aspects of the selleck application and potential value of methanotrophs in environmental bioengineering, namely methane removal and biodegradation of toxic compounds. The removal of methane produced from landfills has been widely studied, and much of this work can be used as a source of reference for coal mine gas removal. Many bioreactors using methanotrophs in bioremediation have been developed in recent years. These reactors have two forms

of configuration, single-stage and multi-stage. Current limitations which may affect the engineering applications of methanotrophs are discussed, such as the lack of suitable methanotrophic isolate, gas transfer limitation, competitive inhibition of MMO, regeneration Ulixertinib manufacturer of reducing equivalents for MMO and product toxicity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Loss of hepatitis ‘e’ antigen (HBeAg) in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B is associated with improved long-term clinical outcome and is defined as a goal of antiviral treatment by clinical practice guidelines. Recent studies suggest that baseline ZD1839 datasheet levels and on-treatment monitoring of HBeAg levels may identify patients most likely to respond to therapy. The aim of this study was the development

of a protocol for the quantitative determination of HBeAg using the Elecsys (R) HBeAg immunoassay. The linear range of the Elecsys (R) HBeAg immunoassay was established using recombinant HBeAg and five different diluents. The assay was validated against the Paul Ehrlich Institute (PEI) international standard serum. Linearity was demonstrated up to a cut-off index (COI) of 1000, independent of the diluent used. Optimal linearity was obtained using the Elecsys (R) Universal Diluent. Using the PEI reference standard, conversion factors were established as 4.50 COI for 1 PEIU/mL corresponding to 0.222 PEIU/mL for a COI of 1. Based on the results from these analyses, a simple algorithm for the quantitative measurement of HBeAg using the Elecsys (R) HBeAg immunoassay was developed. Using a simple algorithm with an initial 1: 40 dilution, the Elecsys (R) HBeAg assay provides robust quantification of serum HBeAg in an easy-to-use and rapid system. The use of a commercially available, standardized diluent improves comparability between laboratories.”
“P>In angiosperms, interspecific crosses often display hybrid incompatibilities that are manifested as under-proliferation or over-proliferation of endosperm.

5, 8.5, and 9.2 kOe while the switching field distribution (Delta H-sf)

decreased as 6.8, 3.6, and 2.8 kOe, for the patterned nanodots with bit sizes of 220, 150, 65 nm, respectively. We found that the small Delta H-sf/H-sf is possible in the high density planar bit patterned https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2090314.html media fabricated by ion irradiation. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3565492]“
“Elicitors/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) trigger the plant immune system, leading to rapid programmed cell death (hypersensitive response, HR) and stomatal closure. Previous reports have shown that the vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), a cysteine proteinase responsible for the maturation of vacuolar proteins, has caspase-1-like activity Anlotinib clinical trial and mediates TMV- and mycotoxin-induced cell death. The

role of VPE from Nicotiana benthamiana in the response to three elicitors: bacterial harpin, fungal Nep1, and oomycete boehmerin, is described here. Single-silenced (NbVPE1a or NbVPE1b) and dual-silenced (NbVPE1a/1b) N. benthamiana plants were produced by virus-induced gene silencing. Although NbVPE silencing does not affect H(2)O(2) accumulation triggered by boehmerin, harpin, or Nep1, the HR is absent in NbVPE1a- and NbVPE1a/1b-silenced plants treated with harpin alone. However, NbVPE-silenced plants develop a normal HR after boehmerin and Nep1 treatment. These results suggest that harpin-triggered HR is VPE-dependent. Surprisingly, all gene-silenced plants show significantly impaired elicitor-induced stomatal closure and elicitor-promoted nitric oxide (NO) SHP099 research buy production in guard cells. Dual-silenced plants show increased elicitor-triggered AOS production in guard cells.

The accumulation of transcripts associated with defence and cell redox is modified by VPE silencing in elicitor signalling. Overall, these results indicate that VPE from N. benthamiana functions not only in elicitor-induced HR, but also in elicitor-induced stomatal closure, suggesting that VPE may be involved in elicitor-triggered immunity.”
“Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) predict cardiovascular events, including stroke, myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. Previous studies have also shown that increased levels of CRP are strong predictors of the progression of pre-existing carotid artery plaques. However, whether CRP is involved in the development of new plaques, that may or may not be associated with clinical events, in subjects with clean carotid arteries has been scarcely investigated.

Methods and Results: 486 “”InCHIANTI” Study participants (200 men and 286 women, 72% aged 65 years and over) free from carotid artery plaques at baseline, also underwent carotid artery scan three years later.

“
“In most cases of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, the exact timing of the hypoxic-ischemic event is unknown, and we have few reliable biomarkers to precisely identify the phase of injury or recovery in an individual patient. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that for neuroprotection in neonates to Succeed, an understanding of the phase of injury is important to ascertain. In addition, in utero antecedents of chronic hypoxia, hypoxic preconditioning, intrauterine infection, and fetal gender may change the expected time Course of injury. Neuroprotective interventions, selleck chemicals llc such as hypothermia and N-acetylcysteine, currently have efficacy

in human and animal studies only if instituted early in the inflammatory cascade. Although these cascades are currently being investigated, molecular mechanisms of recovery have received little attention and may ultimately reveal a window for therapeutic intervention that is much longer than current paradigms.”
“Recent BIBF 1120 cost reports described a high incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Accordingly, we hypothesized that recurrent and intermittent hypoxemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NASH. Our objective was construction of a practical and accurate experimental

model to reproduce the key features of NASH in humans.

Chemical hypoxemia through methemoglobinemia was induced by daily intraperitoneal injection of sodium nitrite (40 mg/kg) for 4 weeks in rats with fatty liver. The Selleck Galardin later was induced by 4-week feeding a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CDHF). Besides, the normal chow diets feeding groups were prepared with in the same manner except for CDHF feeding. The animal experiment was performed in four groups; Normal control, Hypoxemia, CDHF, and CDHF + hypoxemia. Nitrite was given for the later 4 weeks to each rat of Hypoxemia and CDHF + hypoxemia. CDHF + hypoxemia rats were confirmed to develop histological changes that resemble those of patients with NASH, together with biochemical liver dysfunction, while CDHF group was limited in mild steatosis, and Hypoxemia group liver was normal. Present study established a reproducible and useful NASH model resembling the main features of NASH in humans, and showed first that recurrent and intermittent hypoxemia aggravate fatty liver to steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis.”
“Background: The physiology of body organs can be affected by gender. Skin and skin appendages are influenced by sex hormones.

Objective: This review work has been undertaken to point out the most conspicuous physiological differences observed between men’s and women’s skin.

Methods: The literature has been searched and relevant results have been gathered.