Conclusions: The risk

of VTE in patients undergoing RP is low and not significantly reduced with the administration of prophylactic heparin/SCDs compared with SCDs alone.”
“Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is an accepted bariatric procedure. Swallow studies VX-661 in vitro (SS) after LSG are not uniform and display different patterns with regard to contrast passage through the gastric sleeve. The impact of immediate postoperative contrast transit time on weight loss has not been studied. The influence of immediate fluid tolerance on weight loss after LSG is herein reported.

Ninety-nine patients after LSG were included. There were 67 females, mean age 41 (range 17-67), mean BMI 44.4 (range 37-75). A routine SS was performed on postoperative day (POD) 1. Pattern of contrast transit was noted. Patients were followed-up in our bariatric clinic.

Percent excess weight loss was significantly lower in the patients with rapid contrast passage (Group 1, n = 50) than those with delayed passage (Group 2, n = 49). Group

1 achieved 62, 58, and 53 % at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively, while Group 2 attained 69, 74, and 75 % at the same time points (p = 0.05, 0.001, and 0.04, respectively). Group 1 patients displayed a negative weight loss trend after 1 year whereas Group 2 patients plateaued after 2 years.

Tolerance of fluid intake BAY 57-1293 after LSG is crucial for patient recovery and discharge. Distinct radiologic appearance on POD 1 helps predict this behavior. Mid-term weight loss after LSG appears to be dependent on immediate postoperative contrast transit time, whereas patients with slow contrast passage tend to lose more weight. Long-term follow-up will reveal whether this finding will

hold true.”
“Stress is an important factor in the initiation and maintenance of smoking in adolescents. Women are more vulnerable to the development OSI-906 of addiction to smoking and have more difficulty quitting than men. Women also showe enhanced responses to stress. Despite these differences, no work has been done examining the effects of stress on the reinforcing efficacy of self-administered nicotine in adolescent rats, or if there are sex differences. Male and female adolescent Long Evans rats were trained to self-administer one of three different intravenous doses of nicotine (7.5, 15, 30g/kg/infusion) first on fixed ratio, and then on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule beginning on postnatal day 33. The effect of the pharmacological stressor yohimbine (0.3, 0.6mg/kg, i.p.) on the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine was then determined using the PR schedule. Yohimbine stimulated nicotine intake and increased PR breakpoints and numbers of infusions received in both male and female adolescent rats. The infusion dose of nicotine was positively associated with yohimbine-induced increases in responding.

Fosfomycin showed generally mild activity against enterococci (MIC, 8-32 mu g/ml) and anaerobic strains (MIC, 32 to > 1,024 mu g/ml), respectively. The probiotics strains with high MIC values may survive in the intestinal tract, even if the patient was concomitantly using the antibiotics in clinical practice. Therefore, our results suggest that adequate combinations of probiotics strains and antibiotics should be important for preventing OSI-744 solubility dmso AAD. Further study is needed to determine the efficacy of probiotics in clinical practice.”
“A novel Amaryllidaceae alkaloid,

6-O-methylkrigeine, has been isolated from Nerine huttoniae and the configuration was elucidated by 1-D and BAY 11-7082 concentration 2-D H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR, HRMS and optical rotation.”
“We developed and evaluated a high

resolution melting (HRM) curve assay by using real-time PCR for the detection of the most frequent mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which are responsible for the resistance of four anti-TB drugs: rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and streptomycin. The HRM assay was successfully used for the detection of dominant mutations: A516V, H526A, H526T, S531L, L533P, and A516G/S531L in rpoB; S315T, and S315A in katG; -15C/T, and -8T/C in mab-inhA; M306I in embB; K88Q and K43R in rpsL; and 513A/C in rrs. We were able to discriminate SGC-CBP30 price the mutant from the wild type by analyzing the melting-curve shape in 40 clinical M. tuberculosis isolates, and the results of the HRM assay were completely consistent with those of DNA sequencing. This HRM assay is a simple, rapid, and cost-effective method that can be performed in a closed tube. Therefore, our assay is a potentially useful tool for the rapid detection of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis.”
“Two

new xanthones, 3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-5′-isopropyl-4′,5′-dihydrofuro [2',3' : 7, 8]-6 ”,6 ”-dimethyl-4 ”,5 ”-dihydropyrano[2 '',3 '' : 1,2] xanthone (1) and 1,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-8-(3-methylbut-3-enyl)-6′,6′-dimethyl-4′,5′-dihyd ropyrano[2'3' : 3,2] xanthone (2), were isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana. Their structures were elucidated by spectral means (1-D and 2-D NMR, MS).”
“In 2006, Dutch authorities introduced a new health financing system of compulsory private for-profit insurance with strong government regulation. This system has recently attracted attention in Ireland. This paper assesses the theoretical arguments and evidence for applying the Dutch ideas to Ireland. In particular, the authors address how it would help the stated health system policy objectives of improving value for money, fairness and capacity. While the current Dutch reform is still a work in progress, it offers the headline attraction of a single tier system with few waiting lists.

The results show that the in-fiber standardization technique, which is kinetic diffusion-controlled, could shorten sampling time and obtain accurate results using isotopically-labeled reference compounds. Another quantitative method, time-weighted average sampling, may be viable for simultaneously measuring all analytes in sediment porewater, as it is more effective with respect to cost and time. In addition, the effects of temperature and salinity on passive sampling should be quantified in field applications.

Currently available passive samplers (e.g., employing polymer-coated fibers and low-density polyethylene sheets) can sense hydrophobic

organic chemicals (HOCs) in sediment porewater, but the small capacity and the inflexibility of polymer-coated fibers need to be further improved, while better

physical protection of polyethylene devices, particularly when they are deployed under rough conditions, should be carefully considered.

In Epigenetics inhibitor conclusion, passive samplers for in-situ measurement of dissolved HOCs in sediment porewater should be combined with a suitable quantitative method and calibration for the effects of temperature and salinity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was: Are antibiotic implants like Vorasidenib gentamicin-collagen implants useful in preventing sternal selleck products wound infections (SWIs)? Altogether, more than 484 papers were found using the reported search; of these, 7 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. We conclude that most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been performed with gentamicin-collagen sponges for sternal closure. Two out of four RCTs showed a significant benefit of the implant in a reduction in superficial and deep SWIs in routine and emergency cardiac surgery. One RCTs showed a significant reduction in superficial infections in 2005, a follow-up

trial by the same group in 2009 showed a reduction in deep infections as well. Another group has shown a reduction in deep and superficial SWI with gentamicin implant, in an RCT on 800 patients, however have not published details of the complete trial. The third trial on 542 patients showed no benefit of the implant, but was not adequately powered. However, the most recent multicentre RCT conducted on 1052 patients showed no benefit of gentamicin-collagen sponges in elective surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve surgery) in high-risk patients with diabetes, obesity or both. Concerns were raised that gentamicin sponges dipped in saline 1-2 s prior to application may have lost the gentamicin into the saline, thereby reducing their efficacy and that some surgeons may have been unfamiliar with wound closure with sponges.

PTOA may be initiated by early expression of proteolytic enzymes capable

of causing degradation of the articular cartilage at time of injury. This study investigated the production of three of these key proteases in multiple joint tissues after ACL injury and subsequent markers of cartilage turnover.

Methods: ACL transection was performed in adolescent minipigs. Collagenase (MMP-1 and MMP-13) and aggrecanase (ADAMTS-4) selleck screening library gene expression changes were quantified in the articular cartilage, synovium, injured ligament, and the provisional scaffold at days 1, 5, 9, and 14 post-injury, Markers of collagen degradation (C2C), synthesis (CPI) and aggrecan synthesis (CS 846) were quantified in the serum and synovial fluid. Histologic assessment of the cartilage

integrity (OARSI scoring) was also performed.

Results: MMP-1 gene expression was upregulated in the articular cartilage, synovium and ligament after ACL injury. MMP-13 expression was suppressed in the articular cartilage, but upregulated 100-fold in the synovium and ligament. ADAMTS-4 was upregulated GS-4997 concentration in the synovium and ligament but not in the articular cartilage. The concentration of collagen degradation fragments (C2C) in the synovial joint fluid nearly doubled in the first five days after injury.

Conclusion: We conclude that upregulation of genes coding for proteins capable of degrading cartilage ECM is seen within the first few days after ACL injury, and this response is seen not only in chondrocytes, but also in cells in the synovium, ligament and provisional scaffold. (C) 2013 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: This study aims to examine risk factors associated with 3-month post-discharge suicide among cancer patients using Taiwan’s nationwide, population-based datasets.

Methods: The study

cohort comprised all cancer patients discharged from hospitals from 2002 to 2004, inclusive, who committed suicide within 90 days of discharge (n = 311). The control group consisted of 1555 cancer patients who did not commit suicide within 90 days of discharge. The dependent variable was whether or not a patient committed suicide within 90 days of discharge, while the independent variables included patient, hospital and physician characteristics at index hospitalization. Veliparib mw Cox proportional hazard regression was carried out to compute the 90-day survival rate, adjusting for possible confounding factors.

Results: The mean interval from discharge to suicide was 39.7 days (+/- 95.2) and almost half (46.3%) of the 3-month post-discharge suicides occurred within 14 days after discharge. The adjusted hazard of committing suicide for patients who were not hospitalized in the preceding year was 1.68 (p = 0.009), 1.61 (p = 0.033), and 2.51 (p < 0.001) times greater, respectively, than patients who were hospitalized once, twice and more than twice within the year before index hospitalization.

Of 12 studies comparing GBBIR with CSII, six found improved

glycemic control with CSII and six found no significant difference. These studies were often limited by small numbers of subjects and other study design parameters.

Methods: Selleckchem PARP inhibitor We reviewed hemoglobin (Hb) A1c data for youths with type 1 diabetes (n = 43) changing from conventional split mix insulin regimens (CSMIR) to GBBIR and subsequently to CSII at 3, 6 and 12 months after each transition. All subjects had a diabetes duration of at least 1 year before initiating GBBIR.

Results : HbA1c levels at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year were not significantly different for GBBIR and CSII regimens. HbA1c increased significantly during GBBIR (p = 0.036) and marginally during CSII (p = mTOR inhibitor 0.058) when 3-month and 1-year values were compared.

Conclusions : We found no significant difference in glycemic control, as reflected by HbA1c, in youths with type 1 diabetes treated with GBBIR and CSII for up to 1 year. Blood sugar control waned by 12 months in both the GBBIR (p = 0.036) and CSII (p = 0.058) groups,

which suggests that “”burn out”" qually affects those on each regimen. Additional investigation of glycemic variability and quality of life for those on GBBIR and CSII would be clinically relevant.”
“Severe liver disease in find more pregnancy is generally considered to have a favorable prognosis. The limited data available have not yielded disease-specific prognostic criteria or guidance on who should undergo liver transplantation (LT). We retrospectively evaluated 54 admissions with pregnancy-related liver disease to (1) evaluate if any admission parameters were associated with death and/or transplantation and (2) identify maternal complications. Eighteen had acute fatty liver of pregnancy and 32 had hypertension/eclampsia related disease. Seven patients (13%) died

and four (7%) underwent LT. Survival rates were 43/48 if not listed for LT and 4/6 if listed. Of the four transplanted, three survived. Patients who died and/or underwent LT were more likely to have encephalopathy (p = 0.04) and hyperlactaemia (p = 0.03). Serum lactate was the best discriminant (ROC AUC 0.84). An admission lactate greater than 2.8mg/dL had 73% sensitivity and 75% specificity for predicting death or LT. The addition of encephalopathy to this parameter increased sensitivity and specificity to 90% and 86%, respectively. The King’s College criteria were not effective in predicting outcome. This study confirms the overall favorable prognosis in pregnancy-related liver failure but indicates that elevated lactate levels in the presence of encephalopathy best identify patients at greatest risk of death or LT.

Moreover, expedited transplantation, whenever indicated, and optimization of posttransplant graft function with minimal steroid exposure are essential factors

which were shown to be possible using immunosuppression based on tacrolimus plus mycophenolate mofetil, after basiliximab induction.”
“Objective: There are conflicting views regarding whether gray literature, including unpublished doctoral dissertations, should Erastin price be included in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Although publication status frequently is used as a proxy for study quality, some research suggests that dissertations are often of superior quality to published studies.

Methods: We examined 107 projects involving doctoral dissertations (42 published, 65 unpublished) that studied psychosocial interventions for cancer patients.

Results: Published dissertations were more likely to be supported by research funding but were not more likely than unpublished dissertations to examine specific types of interventions. Across several indices of methodological quality there were

minimal differences. Dissertations with significant findings tended to be more likely to be published than those without significant findings.

Conclusions: Unpublished dissertations focusing on psychosocial interventions for cancer patients selleck chemicals llc are not necessarily of vastly inferior quality to those that eventually are published. Because doctoral dissertations are easy to access relative to other forms of gray literature, are free from some types of check details bias, and are reported thoroughly, they merit inclusion in comprehensive literature reviews. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement of magnetic resonance imaging and electrodiagnostic studies by comparing their findings in patients with clinically suspected radiculopathy. The agreements between these two procedures and clinical findings were

also examined.

In a 2-year cross-sectional study, a total of 114 patients with clinically suspected cervical or lumbosacral radiculopathy were included.

The total agreements between clinical with MRI and EDX findings were 72 and 52 %, respectively while their agreements were similar in group definite (89 vs. 82 %). The agreement between EDX and MRI was 59.6 in total and 49 % with respect to clinical findings.

This study further supports that these two methods are complementary in general. It is reasonable to add EDX when there is discrepancy between MRI and clinical findings or when MRI neurologic findings are not visible.”
“Background: Kidney transplant recipients (KTR) are at increased risk for bone loss. Determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) in an unselected KTR population have not previously been described.

J Appl Polym Sci 121: 3347-3352, 2011″
“Purpose: To compare changes in urinary viscosity in the renal tubules following administration of a high-viscosity iso-osmolar contrast agent (iodixanol) to that observed following administration of a less viscous, higher osmolar contrast agent (iopromide)

in anesthetized rats.

Materials and Methods: A total of 43 rats were studied. Experiments were approved by the Berlin, Germany, animal protection administration. A viscometer was developed to measure viscosity in minute samples (7 m L). Urine was collected, viscosity was measured (at 37 degrees C), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined by means of creatinine clearance. Boluses of 1.5 mL of iodixanol (320 mg iodine per milliliter, iso-osmolar to plasma, high viscosity) or iopromide (370 mg iodine per milliliter, higher osmolality and lower viscosity than iodixanol) were injected into the thoracic aorta. There were five groups (seven rats per group). Groups 1 (iodixanol) CX-5461 cell line and 2 (iopromide) had free access to water prior to the experiment; groups 3 (iodixanol) and 4 (iopromide)

received an additional infusion of isotonic saline (4 mL/kg/h). Group 5 was treated as group 1 but received only 0.75 mL of iodixanol. The observation period was 100 minutes. Statistical comparisons were made by means of nonparametric procedures (Friedman test, Kruskal-Wallis test).

Results: Iodixanol increased urine viscosity from learn more 0.69 to 36.7 mm(2)/sec; thus, urine became threefold more viscous than native iodixanol solution. The increase in urine viscosity after injection of iopromide was from 0.73 to 2.3 mm(2)/sec. While GFR was not significantly affected by iopromide, GFR transiently decreased by 50% after administration of iodixanol. Iopromide had a diuretic Tucidinostat research buy effect twofold greater than that of iodixanol. Saline infusion blunted the viscosity rise and transient decline in GFR caused by iodixanol, as did reducing the iodixanol dose by 50%.

Conclusion: Contrast media, in particular iodixanol, increase urine viscosity (which is equal to tubular fluid

viscosity in the collecting ducts); in response to iodixanol, GFR markedly decreases. Saline infusion attenuates this response, thus potentially explaining the protective effects of volume expansion in contrast medium-induced nephropathy. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Low frequency noise in current biased La0.82Ca0.18MnO3 single crystals has been investigated in a wide temperature range from 79 to 290 K. Despite pronounced changes in the magnetic properties and dissipation mechanisms of the sample with changing temperature, the noise spectra were found to be always of the 1/f type, and their intensity (except for the lowest temperature studied) scaled as the square of the bias. At liquid nitrogen temperatures and under a bias exceeding some threshold value, the behavior of the noise deviates from the quasiequilibrium modulation noise and starts to depend in a nonmonotonic way on the bias.

On the basis of these studies, simple structured solar cells, consisting of ZnO: Al thin film (80 nm)/highly doped p-type nanocrystalline silicon films with a series of thickness/n-type (100) silicon wafer substrates, were fabricated and used to assess the performance of p-type nanocrystalline silicon films. The conversion efficiency increases with decreasing the film thickness of p-type nanocrystalline silicon thin films and achieves the largest click here value of 8.2% when the thin film thickness

is near 90 nm. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3642983]“
“Purpose: To prospectively evaluate in vivo noninvasive monitoring of antibiotic therapy in experimental infectious arthritis by imaging macrophages by using magnetic Autophagy Compound Library chemical structure resonance (MR) imaging enhanced with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles.

Materials and Methods: The institutional review committee on animal care approved the experimental protocol. Unilateral knee infection was induced by intra-articular injection of Staphylococcus aureus in 12 rabbits. Each rabbit underwent MR imaging before and after injection of USPIO particles, as well as before and after injection of gadoterate meglumine. All 12 of the animals were imaged during the acute phase of infection. Half were then sacrificed to obtain histopathologic samples, and the other half were imaged a second time after antibiotic

treatment. MR imaging data were analyzed and compared with bacteriologic and histopathologic findings.

Results: In acute infections, intense synovitis with marked signal intensity increase of the synovium on gadoterate dimeglumine-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted images was observed in all animals PCI-34051 and was associated with areas of signal intensity loss within the infected synovium on USPIO-enhanced T2*-weighted gradient-echo images, reflecting an intense infiltration of USPIO-loaded macrophages. After antibiotic treatment and histologic evidence of

healing infection, less synovial signal intensity loss was seen (P = .03). In contradistinction, the signal intensity increase on gadoterate dimeglumine-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted images remained unchanged.

Conclusion: In contrast to conventional MR imaging performed by using extracellular contrast agents, USPIO-enhanced macrophage MR imaging can demonstrate resolution of experimental bacterial joint infection. (C)RSNA, 2011″
“HCV genotypes 2- or 3-infected patients with a rapid virological response (RVR) to therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirins who have a low viral load, noncirrhotic and nonobese may be considered for a shorter course of treatment. However, no studies have assessed host-viral factors associated with relapse in genotype 2 and 3 separately. Accordingly, we assessed whether 12 weeks of pegylated interferon and ribavirin was an optimized regimen for treatment of HCV genotype 2 and 3 with positive predictors of response.

albicans isolates were tested for slime production with modified tube adherence JPH203 clinical trial test and antifungal resistance with disk diffusion method.

Results: Slime positivity was 31.3 % in all Candida species. Slime positivity in non-C. albicans isolates (44.89 %) was higher than in C. albicans species (21.21 %). All C. albicans isolates were sensitive to fluconazole and voriconazole. The highest resistance to fluconazole

(40 %) and voriconazole (5%) was by C. glabrata strains.

Conclusion: Species definition and determination the proper management and treatment of patients.”
“Background: Blood pressure is considered to be a leading example of a valid surrogate endpoint. The aims of this study were to (i) formally evaluate systolic and diastolic blood pressure reduction as a surrogate endpoint for stroke prevention and (ii) determine what blood pressure reduction would predict a stroke benefit.

Methods: We identified randomised trials of at least six months duration comparing any pharmacologic antihypertensive treatment to placebo or no treatment, and reporting baseline blood pressure, on-trial blood pressure,

and fatal and non-fatal stroke. Trials with fewer than PU-H71 five strokes in at least one arm were excluded. Errors-in-variables weighted least squares regression modelled the reduction in stroke as a function of systolic blood pressure reduction and diastolic blood pressure reduction respectively. The lower 95% prediction band was used to determine the minimum systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure difference, the surrogate threshold effect (STE), below which there would be no predicted stroke Dihydrotestosterone nmr benefit. The STE was used to generate the surrogate threshold effect proportion (STEP), a surrogacy metric, which with the R-squared trial-level association was used to evaluate blood pressure as a surrogate endpoint for stroke using the

Biomarker-Surrogacy Evaluation Schema (BSES3).

Results: In 18 qualifying trials representing all pharmacologic drug classes of antihypertensives, assuming a reliability coefficient of 0.9, the surrogate threshold effect for a stroke benefit was 7.1 mmHg for systolic blood pressure and 2.4 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure. The trial-level association was 0.41 and 0.64 and the STEP was 66% and 78% for systolic and diastolic blood pressure respectively. The STE and STEP were more robust to measurement error in the independent variable than R-squared trial-level associations. Using the BSES3, assuming a reliability coefficient of 0.9, systolic blood pressure was a B + grade and diastolic blood pressure was an A grade surrogate endpoint for stroke prevention. In comparison, using the same stroke data sets, no STEs could be estimated for cardiovascular (CV) mortality or all-cause mortality reduction, although the STE for CV mortality approached 25 mmHg for systolic blood pressure.

Upon removal of PEG from the treatment solution, the root tips recovered from osmotic stress and the Al accumulation capacity was quickly restored. The PEG-induced reduction of Al accumulation was not due to a lower phytotoxic Al concentration in the treatment solution, reduced negativity of the root apoplast, or to enhanced citrate exudation. Also cell-wall (CW) material isolated from PEG-treated roots showed a low Al-binding capacity which, however,

was restored Galunisertib mouse after destroying the physical structure of the CW. The comparison of the Al(3+), La(3+), Sr(2+), and Rb(+) binding capacity of the intact root tips and the isolated CW revealed the specificity of the PEG 6000 effect for Al. Smoothened Agonist This could be due to the higher hydrated ionic radius of Al(3+) compared with other cations

(Al(3+) >> La(3+) > Sr(2+) > Rb(+)). In conclusion, the results provide circumstantial evidence that the osmotic stress-inhibited Al accumulation in root apices and thus reduced Al-induced inhibition of root elongation in the Al-sensitive genotype VAX 1 is related to the alteration of CW porosity resulting from PEG 6000-induced dehydration of the root apoplast.”
“Nanocrystalline ferrites Mn(x)Zn(1-x)Fe(2)O(4) (x = 0.0-1.0) were prepared by the combustion method without sequential heat treatment. As-synthesized Mn(x)Zn(1-x)Fe(2)O(4) ferrites, characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), have demonstrated a highly pure phase of spinel structure. From

the analysis of XRD data with Scherrer’s formula, the average crystallite size is about 27-37 nm and the lattice parameters range from 8.457 to 8.515 angstrom. The saturated magnetization of the Mn-Zn ferrite samples, measured by vibrating sample magnetometer, is varied with the content of manganese. The high frequency electromagnetic properties were investigated by impedance spectra methods and the conduction mechanism was also discussed. The results click here imply that this combustion method without further thermal treatment is relatively efficient and economical as compared to conventional methods for industrial synthesis of ferrites in high frequency electromagnetic devices applications. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3560880]“
“Introduction and hypothesis The aim of this study is to compare the pelvic floor muscle strength after vaginal delivery vs. after cesarean section.

Methods Five groups of 50 cases each were designated as follows: nullipara (control group), spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD), repeat SVD (SVD-R), cesarean section (CS), and repeat CS (CS-R). Perineometric measurements, stress urinary incontinence (SUI) symptoms, pelvic organ prolapse quantification examinations, and Incontinence-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (IQOL) were evaluated.