Preoperative imaging included spiral computed axial tomography with computed axial tomography-assisted arteriography in all patients and diagnostic artetiography in 1 patient. One patient

underwent unsuccessful transarterial embolization. All patients were treated surgically by ligation with preservation of the collateral network identified by preoperative imaging. RESULTS: During a 6- to 70-month range of follow-up, there was no postoperative mortality, surgical morbidity, or adverse consequences on liver function tests. CONCLUSIONS: Ligation is a simple and efficient treatment in patients with symptomatic extrahepatic check details artery aneurysm, even those with bile duct obstruction. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background/Aims: Since autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) responds dramatically to steroid therapy, most All? patients are promptly treated with steroids when the diagnosis of AIP is made. Therefore, the natural course of AIP is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course of AIP patients without steroid therapy and assess the indications for steroid therapy in these patients.\n\nMethodology: Clinical features were retrospectively assessed in 12 patients who were followed for more than 6 months after the diagnosis of AIP without steroids.\n\nResults: Six patients were later treated with steroids due to exacerbation of AIP. Five of them

developed obstructive Geneticin cell line jaundice due to bile duct stenosis. Segmental enlargement progressed to

diffuse enlargement in 4 patients. Serum IgG and/or IgG4 levels increased with Blebbistatin inhibitor AIP progression. In 4 patients, swelling of the salivary glands preceded AIP. Radiological and clinical features responded well to steroid therapy. Spontaneous improvement occurred in 3 patients. Four asymptomatic patients with segmental pancreatic enlargement have demonstrated no changes without steroid therapy until now.\n\nConclusions: About half of the segmental AIP cases progressed and needed steroid therapy, which was effective. Asymptomatic segmental AIP cases without biliary lesions may be followed without steroid therapy with periodic laboratory and imaging studies.”
“A critical link exists between an individual’s ability to repair cellular DNA damage and cancer development, progression, and response to therapy. Knowledge gained about the proteins involved and types of damage repaired by the individual DNA repair pathways has led to the development of a variety of assays aimed at determining an individual’s DNA repair capacity. These assays and their use in the analysis of clinical samples have yielded useful though somewhat conflicting data. In this review article, we discuss the major DNA repair pathways, the proteins and genes required for each, assays used to analyze activity, and the relevant clinical studies to date.

\n\nMethods: Participants from a multiethnic population, recruited from primary care and specialist clinics were randomised to intensive intervention with structured

patient (DESMOND model) education (n = 94) or usual care by own health professional (n = 95). Primary outcome: change in HbA1c LY3023414 purchase at 18 months. Secondary outcomes: changes in blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, albuminuria, proportion reaching risk factor targets, modelled cardiovascular risk scores.\n\nResults: Mean (SD) age and diabetes duration of participants were 61.5 (10.5) and 11.5 (9.3) years, respectively. At 18 months, intensive intervention showed significant improvements in HbA1c (7.1(1.0) vs. 7.8(1.4)%, p < 0.0001), systolic BP (129(16) vs. 139(17) mmHg, p < 0.0001), diastolic BP (70(11) vs. 76(12) mmHg, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (3.7(0.8) vs. 4.1(0.9) mmol/l, p = 0.001). Moderate and severe hypoglycaemia was 11.2 vs. 29.0%; p = 0.001 and 0 vs. 17-AAG supplier 6.3%; p = 0.07, respectively. More intensive participants achieved >= 3 risk factor targets with greater reductions in cardiovascular risk scores.\n\nConclusions: Intensive intervention showed greater improvements in metabolic control and cardiovascular risk profile with lower rates of moderate and severe hypoglycaemia. Intensive glycaemic interventions should be underpinned by structured

education promoting self-management in T2DM. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, both of which are associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. The relationship between genetically determined polymorphic metabolism of exogenous substances by oxidation catalyzed by CYP2D6 isoenzyme and susceptibility to cancer has aroused great interest. We determined whether there was an association between susceptibility

to inflammatory bowel disease and particularly to CYP2D6 genotypes. The study was carried out in 39 patients with IBD. The control group consisted of 129 healthy volunteers. The CYP2D6 genotypes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method with DNA extracted from peripheral blood. Among 39 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, extensive metabolizer Compound C (EM) genotype constituted 97.4%. One patient (2.6%) was poor metabolizer with CYP2D6*4/CYP2D6*4 genotype. Results obtained in the inflammatory bowel disease group did not differ significantly from those of the control group. Although the odds ratio for EM metabolizers was about 3.8-fold greater in the group of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, this association was not statistically significant. This data also showed no overall statistically significant association between alleles and incidence risk of inflammatory bowel disease [odds ratio (OR) of 1.36 for CYP2D6*1 allele, 0.83 for CYP2D6*3 allele, and 0.

(C) 2014 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Background: Dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations in troponin can blunt effects of protein

kinase A (PICA) phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), decreasing myofilament Ca2+-sensitivity; however this effect has never been tested for restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) mutants. This study explores whether an RCM cardiac troponin T mutant (cTnT-Delta E96) interferes with convergent PICA regulation and if TnT instability contributes to greatly enhanced Ca2+-sensitivity in skinned fibers. Methods: Force of contraction in 3-Methyladenine molecular weight skinned cardiac porcine fiber and spectroscopic studies were performed. Results: A decrease of -0.26 and -0.25 pCa units in Ca2+-sensitivity of contraction after PICA incubation was observed for skinned fibers incorporated with WT or cTnT-Delta E96, respectively. To further assess whether cTnT-Delta E96 interferes solely with transmission of cTnI phosphorylation effects, skinned fibers were reconstituted with PICA pseudo-phosphorylated cTnI (cTnI-SS/DD.cTnC). Fibers displaced with cTnT-WT, reconstituted with cTnI-SS/DD.cTnC decreased Ca2+-sensitivity of force (pCa(50) = 5.61) compared to control cTnI-WT.cTnC (pCa(50) = 5.75), similarly

affecting cTnT-Delta E96 (pCa(50) = 6.03) compared to control \\cTnI-WT.cTnC (pCa(50) = 6.14). Fluorescence studies measuring cTnC(IAANs) this website Ca2+-affinity changes due to cTnT-Delta E96 indicated that higher complexity (thin filament) better recapitulates skinned fiber Ca2+ sensitive changes. Circular dichroism revealed Entinostat mw reduced alpha-helicity and earlier thermal unfolding for cTnT-Delta E96 compared to WT. Conclusions: Although ineffective in decreasing myofilament

Ca2+-sensitivity to normal levels, cTnT-Delta E96 does not interfere with PICA cTnI phosphorylation mediated effects; 2) cTnT-Delta E96 requires actin to increase cTnC Ca2+-affinity; and 3) deletion of E96 reduces cTnT stability, likely disrupting crucial thin filament interactions. General significance: The pathological effect of cTnT-Delta E96 is largely manifested by dramatic myofilament Ca2+-sensitization which still persists even after PICA phosphorylation mediated Ca2+-desensitization. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sevoflurane concentration on canine visual evoked potentials with pattern stimulation (P-VEPs). Six clinically normal laboratory-beagle dogs were used. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane was detected from all subjects by tail clamp method. The refractive power of the right eyes of all subjects was corrected to 2 diopters after skiascopy.

Control groups were also set up. At 4 and 16 weeks, specimens were investigated in gross and under microscopy, electromicroscopy and MRI detection.\n\nResults: hIGF-I gene was expressed effectively with the peak concentration at 34.75 ng/ml. Subchondral bone and cartilage were integrated well in gene enhanced Mosaicplasty group. The reconstructed tissue filled up the gaps between columns, which appeared better than other groups. The regenerated cartilage was integrated with neighbor tightly in regular arrange. Extracellular matrix distributed evenly buy CCI-779 and deeply stained by alcian blue. Quantitative histologic assessments showed higher score in

gene enhanced Mosaicplasty group. Glycosaminoglycan assay revealed no difference between groups involving

Mosaicplasty. MRI analysis demonstrated the healing process between the subchondral bone other than control groups.\n\nConclusions: hIGF-I gene enhanced tissue engineering can modify the outcome of Mosaicplasty to reconstruct large osteochondral defects in weight-bearing region. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The study aimed to establish the effects of red spectrum of light (650nm; treated n, 12) and normal spectrum of light (450nm control, n=12) on GnRH concentration, amplitude and frequency of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2 beta), progesterone (P4), intersequence pause days and egg production from 62 to 72 weeks old laying White Leghorn hens. Weekly interval profiles of plasma GnRH, LH, E2 beta and P4 concentrations selleck inhibitor were increased in birds exposed to red spectrum of light. At 67th weeks of age blood samples from both the groups were collected at every 3 h for 36 h to study the pulsatile secretion of LH surges. Plasma LH concentration was higher in treated birds with more number of frequencies and amplitude of LH surges in plasma of treated birds. The LH

frequencies were more pronounced and advanced during 36 h of sampling at 3 h interval in treated birds. Weekly interval of plasma LH, E2 beta and P4 Selleck HSP990 concentrations increased in treated birds from 62 to 72 weeks of age. GnRH concentration was significantly higher in birds exposed to red spectrum of light compared to controls. It is hypothesized that exposure of birds to red spectrum of light caused enhanced GnRH along with LH, E2 beta and P4 hormones required for egg formation and egg lay. During 77 days (62-72 weeks of age) of experimental period, egg production was enhanced with lower incidence of pause days even during the later stages of productive period in treated group. In conclusion, higher levels of GnRH, LH, and E2 beta and P4 concentration with lower incidence of pause days enabled the birds to lay more eggs even later in the productive period by modulating the wavelengths of light under normal husbandry conditions.”
“Studies have shown that compensatory adaptations in gastrointestinal oxalate transport can impact the amount of oxalate excreted by the kidney.

“
“Fresh vegetables are an important part of human diet. Eating raw vegetables is customary in many parts of the world including Pakistan, but GSI-IX manufacturer these raw vegetables can be a major source of parasitic

infection. A parasitic survey on vegetables collected from major markets and growing fields in Lahore was conducted for the discovery of human and animal parasites. Ten vegetables viz., beet, cabbage, carrot, chili, coriander, cucumber, lettuce, mint, radish and tomato were evaluated in this study. Fifty sample of each vegetable were taken, comprising a total of 500 samples for the study. The collected samples were processed and microscopic examination was carried out for the presence of parasites on the vegetables. All vegetables were highly contaminated with parasites with an overall prevalence of 31.2%. Lettuce showed the highest contamination (48%), followed by cabbage (44%) and mint (podina) (42%) while chili showed the least contamination (16%). Examination of vegetables revealed twelve genera of parasites. Of parasites studied, Ascaris eggs found to GM6001 be

the highest (37.1%), followed by hookworm (10.8%) and Trichostrongyloides sp. (8.9%), and the least common parasite was Toxoplasma gondii (1.9%). The results would seem to indicates that one of the important routes of parasitic infection to humans is the consumption of raw and unwashed vegetables.”
“Disorders of LEE011 urea cycle account for up to 60% of severe neonatal hyperamoniemias. The base of this cycle disorders results in a deficit of its enzymes. Deficiency of the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase is the most frequently detected. The prognosis depends on the degree of enzyme deficiency, age, early diagnosis and initiation of treatment. We report the case of a teenager who was treated with prednisone because of a peripheral facial palsy. He showed a progressive worsening and died a few days later. The high levels of ammonia made suspect a congenital disorder

of urea cycle. The postmortem genetic study confirmed it. We studied the family and advised carriers. We reflect about the importance of the neonatal screening programs and their applicability for detection of inborn errors of metabolism.”
“Concentrating on the case of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels, this paper introduces a methodology that enables a natural integration between the development of a so-called mechanistic model and experimental data relating material’s processing to response. In a nutshell, we develop a data-driven modeling component that is able to learn and indirectly infer its own parameters and structure by observing experimental data. Using this method, we investigate the relationship between processing conditions, microstructure and chemistry (cross-link density and polymer-solvent interactions) and response (swelling and elasticity) of non-degradable and degradable PEG hydrogels.

Small RNAs regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. However, whether small RNAs are involved in regulation of fiber cell development is unknown.\n\nResults: We adopted a deep sequencing approach developed by Solexa (Illumina AZD1152 concentration Inc.) to investigate global expression and complexity of small RNAs during cotton fiber initiation and development. We constructed two small RNA libraries prepared from wild type (WT) and

fuzz/lintless (fl Mutant in the WT background) cotton ovules, respectively. Each library was sequenced individually and generated more than 6-7 million short sequences, resulting in a total of over 13 million sequence reads. At least 22 conserved candidate miRNA families including 111 members were identified. Seven families make up the vast majority of expressed miRNAs in developing cotton ovules. In total 120 unique target genes were predicted for most of conserved miRNAs. In addition, we identified 2 cell-type-specific

novel miRNA candidates in cotton ovules. Our study has demonstrated significant differences in expression abundance of miRNAs between the wild-type and mutant, and suggests that these differentially expressed miRNAs potentially regulate transcripts distinctly involved in cotton fiber development.\n\nConclusion: The present study is the first to deep sequence the small RNA population of G. hirsutum ovules where cotton fibers initiate and develop. Millions of unique miRNA sequences ranging from 18 similar to 28 nt in length were detected. Our results support Selleckchem AP24534 the importance of miRNAs in regulating the development of different cell types and indicate that identification of a comprehensive set of miRNAs in cotton fiber cells would facilitate our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms for fiber cell initiation and elongation.”
“The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant cetuximab, capecitabine, and radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced RG 7112 rectal cancer.\n\nSixty-three eligible patients were selectively enrolled in this study. Neoadjuvant treatment consisted of cetuximab and capecitabine

for 6 weeks and radiotherapy for 5 weeks. Surgical resection was performed 6-8 weeks after the completion of neoadjuvant treatment. KRAS mutation statuses were analyzed retrospectively after the cetuximab treatment. All the patients underwent a standardized postoperative follow-up for at least 3 years.\n\nA pathological complete response (pCR) was achieved in eight patients (12.7 %). Overall down-staging was found in 49 patients (77.8 %). The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rate was 76.2 % and 81.0 %, respectively. The most common adverse events during neoadjuvant treatment were acneiform skin rash (82.5 %), radiodermatitis (46.0 %), and diarrhea (36.5 %). KRAS mutations were detected in 19 of 63 (31.2 %) tumors.

Results indicate that the best films were made by using thermoplasticized zein characterized with a pronounced strain hardening AG-881 and a large content of alpha-helices. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 277-287, 2010″
“Background: The eel parasitic nematodes Anguillicola crassus (originating from Asia) and Anguillicola novaezelandiae (originating from New Zealand) were both introduced to Europe, but occurred in sympatry only in Lake Bracciano in Italy, where they both infected the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). A. novaezelandiae was introduced to the lake in 1975 and

disappeared soon after A. crassus was also found there in 1993. We tested the hypothesis if hybridization of the two species might be an explanation

for the findings at Lake Bracciano.\n\nFindings: After laboratory infection of one European eel with 10 third stage larvae of each parasite, two living female and 4 male adults of each species were found to co-occur in the swim bladder after 222 days post exposure. In 9 out of 17 eggs, isolated in total from uteri of the two A. novaezelandiae females, alleles were detected by microsatellite analysis that are characteristic for A. crassus, suggesting the hybrid origin of these eggs. In contrast, none of the eggs isolated from A. crassus females possessed alleles different from those found in A. crassus adults, but it was revealed that one female can be inseminated buy NU7441 by several males.\n\nConclusion: Our results show that A. crassus and A. novaezelandiae can co-infect a single eel and can mature together in the same swim bladder. We also provide evidence for the possibility of hybridization of A. crassus males with A. novaezelandiae females. Therefore, hybridization might be an explanation for the disappearance of A. novaezelandiae from Lake Bracciano.”
“We have investigated the growth

of GaN nanostructures on three different Si substrates [ Si(001) covered with native oxides, Si(001)(2 x 1), and Si(111)(7 x 7)] under N-rich conditions by using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE). For Si native oxides, hexagonal GaN (h-GaN) nanorods with AICAR a c-axis fiber texture are formed, i. e., the c-axis is aligned along the substrate normal without any preferential in-plane orientations. For the clean Si(001)(2 x 1) substrates, c-axis-orientated nanorods are also grown with the epitaxial relationship of smaller than 11 (2) over bar0 bigger than (h-GaN) parallel to smaller than 110 bigger than (Si) or smaller than 12 (3) over bar0 bigger than (h-GaN) parallel to smaller than 110 bigger than (Si). On the other hand, mesh-like structures of h-GaN are formed on the clean Si(111)(7 x 7) substrates with the epitaxial relationship of 0001(h-GaN) parallel to 111(Si) and smaller than 11 (2) over bar0 bigger than (h-GaN) parallel to smaller than 110 bigger than (Si).

Analysis of combinations Fer-1 cost of five variables demonstrated that pixel-by-pixel analysis produced the most robust information for tumor diagnostics and achieved 5 times greater separation of benign and malignant cases than ROI-based analysis. (C) 2012 American Vacuum Society. [http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.neu.edu/10.1116/1.3692962]“
“Cigarette smoking

causes an acute increase in blood pressure and heart rate and has been found to be associated with malignant hypertension (HT). A significant flux of toxic metals among other toxins reaches the lungs through smoking. In the present study, the relationship between essential (zinc and selenium) and toxic element (TE; cadmium and mercury) and HT incidence in smoker and nonsmoker population living in Dublin, Ireland was investigated. The zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd) MLN2238 in vitro and mercury (Hg) were determined in biological (scalp hair and blood) samples of smoker and nonsmoker hypertensive patients. For comparison purposes, healthy

age- and sex-matched subjects as referents residing in the same city were also selected. The different brands of cigarette consumed by the studied population were also analyzed for Cd and Hg. The concentrations of essential trace and TEs in all studied samples were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer check details after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology was checked using certified reference materials (CRMs). The recovery of all the studied elements was found to be in the range of 96.4-99.7% of certified values of CRMs. The filler tobacco of different branded cigarettes contains Hg and Cd concentrations in the range of 9.55-12.4 ng and 1.70-2.12 mu g per cigarette, respectively. The results of this study showed that the mean values of Cd and Hg were significantly higher in scalp hair and blood samples of hypertensive patients as compared with

healthy controls, whereas Zn and Se concentrations were found to be lower in hypertensive patients, the difference was significant in the case of smoker patients (P smaller than 0.001). The levels of both TEs were 2-3-folds higher in scalp hair and blood samples of nonhypertensive smoker subjects as compared with nonsmoker controls. It was observed that exposure of TEs via cigarette smoking may be synergistic with other risk factors associated with HT.”
“A novel class of human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists was designed in effort to improve selectivity and metabolic stability versus previous disclosed beta(3)-AR agonists. As observed, many of the beta(3)-AR agonists seem to need the acyclic ethanolamine core for agonist activity. We have synthesized derivatives that constrained this moiety by introduction of a pyrrolidine.

A significant number (N = 34) of these macrocycles are administered orally, revealing that oral bioavailability can be obtained at molecular weights up to and above 1 kDa and polar surface areas ranging toward 250 angstrom(2). Moreover, insight from a group of “de novo designed” oral macrocycles in clinical JQ1 studies and understanding

of how cyclosporin A and model cyclic hexapeptides cross cell membranes may unlock wider opportunities in drug discovery. However, the number of oral macrocycles is still low and it remains to be seen if they are outliers or if macrocycles will open up novel oral druggable space.”
“Different kinds of additives are widely applied in food industry. The rationale for their use is preservation, coloring or sweetening of diverse foods. Though it has been proven that some additives possess cytotoxic effect they are still used in practice. As a justification of their use is being their low concentration of application. We have used the method of Comet assay to detect find more minimal concentrations at which

a group of selected food additives could damage DNA. Five substances, commonly added in foods and one in pharmaceutical drugs showed DNA damaging effectively at concentrations lower than that used in practice. Additionally, we have compared the sensitivity of higher eukaryotic cells with yeast to genotoxic effect of these compounds. The higher sensitivity of yeast cells revealed by the comet assay was undoubtedly demonstrated. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Drought is a major environmental factor limiting the production of crops. Drought tolerance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars ERK inhibitor in terms of growth and inorganic and organic solute accumulation was analyzed in this study. Four-week-old seedlings of three cultivars, “Gantang7″, “SD13829″ and “ST21916″, differing in drought tolerance, were treated with different degrees of drought stress. Plant shoots and

roots were harvested at 5 d after stress and subjected to analysis. Drought significantly reduced shoot fresh weight and water content in the three cultivars, though the least reduction was found in “ST21916″. Either decrease or no change in sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) concentrations was observed in the three cultivars as an effect of drought, whereas a higher root Na+ and a lower root K+ concentration was noted in “Gantang7″. Root calcium (Ca2+) concentration significantly increased in “Gantang7″ exposed to moderate and severe drought. Severe drought also caused a significant increase in the proline level in “SD13829″ but not in “Gantang7″ and “ST21916″. Under drought stress, soluble sugar concentrations significantly increased in both “Gantang7″ and “SD13829″ whilst remaining unchanged in “ST21916″.

“
“Young shoot buds were used as explants for rapid multiplication of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum). The explants were cultured onto medium containing basal salts of Murashige and Skoog (MS) and various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin

(KIN) for shoot induction. Treatment containing 3.0 mg/l BAP produced the highest mean number of shoots per explants (18.90) and a mean length of shoots (6.0 cm) after 28 days of culture. Regenerated shoots were successfully rooted on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 selleckchem mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 30 g/l sucrose. For ex vitro establishment, well-rooted plantlets were transferred in potting medium containing vermiculite : organic matters (1:1).”
“Background: Concerns have been raised about the enrollment of racial and ethnic minorities in research in the emergency setting when it is not possible to obtain informed Nutlin-3 nmr consent. However, there is a paucity of data related to the validity of such claims.\n\nMethods: Retrospective comparison of registry enrollment (4/1/2006-3/31/2007) and trial enrollment (4/1/2007-3/31/2008) from three sites in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium.

Subjects compared met the following Criteria: (I) shock, defined by blunt or penetrating force to the body with either systolic blood pressure (SBP) <= 70 mmHg or SBP 71-90 mmHg and heart rate >= 108 beats/min and/or (2) traumatic brain injury (TBI), defined by blunt force to the head with out-of-hospital Glasgow Coma Score BVD-523 nmr <= 8.\n\nResults: Overall, compared to a registry there were no differences in the percent of racial or ethnic groups enrolled in the clinical trial [odds ratio (OR) for Blacks versus Whites: 0.87, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.65-1.16, p = .34; OR for Hispanics versus Whites 1.04; 95% CI 0.72-1.49, p =.85]. However, Blacks were less likely than Whites to be enrolled in the TBI cohort [OR 0.58 (0.34-0.97), p =.04].\n\nConclusions: Despite some discordance in subgroups, there was no overall difference in the racial and ethnic distribution of subjects enrolled in a multi-center

clinical trial of severe trauma compared to a registry accounting for study entry criteria. These findings help address justice concerns about enrollment of racial and ethnic minorities in trauma research performed using an exception from informed consent under emergency circumstances. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Many researchers have studied the potential medicinal properties of galls from Rhus chinensis because of the importance of these galls in East Asian traditional medicine. Gall formation induced by a parasitic aphid species (Schlechtendalia chinensis) occurs via a well-documented developmental progression, and traditional medicinal efficacy is thought to be maximal during a specific portion of this cycle.